2, 6-9, 18 We present the incident rates of clinically meaningful outcomes for patients at three stages of advanced liver disease: advanced noncirrhotic fibrosis, compensated cirrhosis, and decompensated cirrhosis (CTP score ≥7). The observed annual rates of all-cause mortality and liver transplantation were 2.2% in patients with noncirrhotic fibrosis and 5.3% in those with cirrhosis, similar to rates reported

in European and Japanese studies. As anticipated, the rate of clinical outcomes (especially CTP score elevation and variceal hemorrhage) was higher among patients with cirrhosis at baseline than those with noncirrhotic fibrosis. Among patients with noncirrhotic fibrosis, the annual incidence of initial clinical outcomes ranged www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html from 0.25% per year for variceal hemorrhage to 1.4% per year for CTP elevation; of note, these outcomes of end-stage liver disease (including click here HCC and liver-related death) occurred in the absence of documented cirrhosis at entry into the HALT-C Trial, although we cannot exclude the possibility that some patients may have

been understaged at entry or progressed to cirrhosis by the time an outcome developed. For patients with histological cirrhosis at entry into the HALT-C Trial, the annual incidence of clinical outcomes ranged from 0.9% per year for variceal hemorrhage to 5.0% per year for CTP score elevation. Among individual clinical outcomes, the most frequent initial decompensation event was an increase in CTP score to ≥7. Once the CTP score became elevated, the incidence

of second clinical events was indistinguishable between subjects in the fibrosis and cirrhosis strata. Thereafter, morbidity and mortality rates increased substantially, confirming the value of a rise in CTP score as an ominous prognostic sign. Findings among HALT-C Trial patients with noncirrhotic fibrosis and cirrhosis can be compared with estimates drawn from other studies. Based on the readings from three liver biopsies over ≈4 years, HALT-C Trial patients with bridging fibrosis had an annual incidence of cirrhosis of 9.9% per year, a rate that differed little medchemexpress with sex or age and that was comparable to an estimated annual incidence of 11.5% derived from a meta-analysis conducted in 2007.19 Our directly observed, empirical results differ from those in a recent modeling projection in which an approximate four-fold difference in progression to cirrhosis was assumed between younger women and older men.20 A potential explanation for the lack of an effect of sex and age on disease progression in our study may be that once advanced liver disease has developed, age and sex may no longer influence disease progression.