2 Two of our travelers were repatriated for car accidents during travel. This is consistent with studies of

medical evacuation etiology. Among 504 cases of medical evacuation in Germany, traumas (ie, femoral neck fractures, cerebrocranial trauma, and multiple trauma) were the primary cause of repatriation accounting for 25% of evacuations, followed by cardiovascular diseases (ie, strokes for 14% and myocardial infarctions for 8%).5 Among 115 patients repatriated in the Netherlands from 1998 to 2002, one third of the younger patients selleck products (below 50 years) were evacuated for trauma, whereas in older patients, cardiopulmonary incidents were the most frequent causes of evacuation.6 It should be noted that exacerbation of chronic diseases was an important cause of medical repatriation

among older patients. In addition, the median duration of illness before evacuation of the German patients was 7 days (interquartile range, 4–13 days) putting them at risk of acquiring MDR bacteria when hospitalized during this period of time.5 Infection with MDR bacteria is an emerging and serious worldwide problem. In the past 10 years, many cases of MDR bacteria have been reported in various countries. For example, gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) with resistance to carbapenem conferred by NDM-1 are known to be widespread Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase in India and Pakistan.1 These bacteria may be acquired by travelers and imported into their home country on their return. Indeed, of 1167 Dutch travelers repatriated from www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html foreign hospitals to the Netherlands, 18% were diagnosed as carriers of MDR bacteria such as MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacteria (GGNB).7 The carrier rates of MRSA, VRE, and GGNB were higher than those found in patients hospitalized in Dutch hospitals. In addition to carriers, returning travelers may also be diagnosed with

MDR bacterial infections. This mainly concerns MRSA infections.8 However, as we suggest from these episodes and other recently published studies, MDR gram-negative bacteria are also concerned.1,2 Moreover, this not only refers to repatriated hospitalized travelers but also to patients with community-acquired infections with an associated history of travel. In fact, a Canadian study showed that foreign travel was an important risk factor for developing community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli infections.9 More precisely, overseas travel above all increased the risk of ESBL-producing E coli infections by 5.7 (4.1–7.8), and this risk was higher for travelers to India (OR 145), the Middle East (OR 18), and Africa (OR 7.7). Physicians should be aware of the risk of MDR bacteria carriage among international travelers after hospitalization abroad.