4% (38 of 45) Tennis Motor skills demanding Figure skating Ski jumping Snow boarding 100% (25 of 25) Motor skills demanding Shooting Archery Sailing Fencing 91.7% (44 of 48) Horse riding Gymnastics Team sports Ice hockey (women) 94.7% (36 of 38) Team sports Volleyball (men) Volleyball (women U-17) 97.4% (75 of 77) Ice hockey (men U-20) Volleyball (men U-17) Handball (women U-17) Hanball (men U-17) Basketball (women U-17) Basketball (men U-17) Table 2 Characteristics of the study groups All athletes Speed and power events Endurance events Motor skills demanding events
Team sport events 2002 2009 2002 click here 2009 2002 2009 2002 2009 2002 2009 N = 446 N = 372 N = 113 N = 112 N = 108 N = 80 N = 73 N = 69 N = 152 N = 111 Sex (men/women) 261/185 218/154
82/31 74/38 62/46 45/35 45/28 40/29 72/80 59/52 Mean (SD) age (yr) 23(4.5) 21.2 (4.3) 23.8 (4.1) 21.8 (3.7) 23.6 (4.0) 23.5 (4.1) 23.6 (6.5) 21.4 (4.7) 21.6 (3.6) 18.7 (3.7) Mean (SD) duration of 11.7 (4.3) 10.2 (4.5) 12.2 (3.7) 10.8 (4.5) 12.4 (4.6) 11.8 (5.0) 11.9 (5.0) 10.2 (4.2) 10.8 (4.1) 8.2 (3.4) active sport career (yr) Mean (SD) training amount (h-wk ˉ¹) 15 (6) 14 (5) 15 (4) 14 (4) 17 (5) 16 (4) 15 (7) 14 (5) 14 (6) 13 (6) Response rate (%) 90.3 91.9 89.0 86.2 90.8 92.0 82.0 94.5 HKI 272 95.6 96.5 Questionnaire Athletes in our study see more answered a semi-structured questionnaire, which was based on the Finnish national health survey Health 2000 coordinated by the National Institute for Health and Welfare. Parvulin The initial questionnaire was tested on national level ice-hockey players and track and field athletes (n = 30) who were not included in the final study. Researcher represented the study to athletes and answered to athlete’s questions if clarifications were required.
Athletes filled a structured questionnaire after accepting written informed consent. Athletes who received the questionnaire by mail were given the possibility to consult a researcher by phone or e-mail. Athletes filled the questionnaire anonymously. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the ethical committee of University of Turku, Finland. Questions concerned athlete’s dietary supplement use. Athletes were asked to name all vitamins, minerals, nutritional supplements and herbal as well as homeopathic preparations used during previous 12 months. Dietary supplements were categorized into subgroups for further analysis. The categorization was identical to a Canadian study concerning elite athlete’s medication and dietary supplement use in Atlanta and Sydney Olympic games [6].