We selected first-generation Chinese American immigrants as the target population because they share many common characteristics with other Asian groups (such as Thai or Vietnamese) whose first language is not English and whose culture is collectivist in nature. Methods Participant recruitment Participants were recruited through purposive sampling. Participants were eligible if Belinostat molecular weight they were: (1) first-generation Chinese immigrants

living in Los Angeles County, (2) aged ≥45 years, and (3) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year. Recruitment was conducted in regions highly populated by Chinese residents, such as Monterey Park, Alhambra and San Gabriel, through a partnership with three collaborative agencies. Recruitment strategies included posting flyers at partner agencies, making phone calls to current patients with diabetes and in-person contact. All

participants were screened by brief phone or in-person interviews to assess their eligibility for participating in the study. Data collection Focus group moderators distributed an information sheet about the study and explained the purpose and process of the study to all participants before obtaining their written consent. Twenty-seven participants with diabetes were assigned to six focus groups with two to seven participants in each group, and two participants completed individual interviews based on their availability. Focus groups were conducted by four trained native Chinese moderators in Cantonese or Mandarin Chinese based on the participants’ language preferences. One of the study investigators participated in all group discussions and interviews as the facilitator. Each discussion lasted approximately

90 min and was guided by semistructured and open-ended questions (as shown in box 1). Two individual interviews lasted approximately 60 min and were conducted by a trained native Mandarin Chinese speaker using the same interview guide used for the focus groups. Interviews were audio recorded. This study was conducted collaboratively by University of Southern California, Golden Age Village, Herald Christian Health Center and Tzu Chi Health Centre in Los Angeles, and the University Anacetrapib of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster. Box 1 Guiding questions for focus group interviews Channels When you were diagnosed with diabetes, where did you get the information about diabetic self-management? In the future, where you would like to get such information? We have collected some samples like educational brochures, storybook, and audio recorder.