Depletion is maximum (98%) in nigrosome 1 , located in the caudal and mediolateral part of the SNpc. Progressively, less cell loss is detectable in more medial and more rostral nigrosomes. A parallel, but lesser, caudorostral gradient, of cell loss is observed for DA neurons included in the matrix. Because the nigro some/matrix analysis refers to compartmental subdivisions

within the SNpc, the most obvious conclusion would be that compartmental locality in SNpc AZD2014 ic50 itself is a key to differential vulnerability. DA neurons in different, compartments may have different expression patterns Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of genes implicated in PD pathogenesis. The DA neurons relatively spared from the disease process Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical may be endowed with a range of protective mechanisms, which has sparked

research aiming to identify these protective or deleterious mechanisms. Figure 3. Summary of midbrain subdivisions illustrated at three representative transverse levels. CGS, central gray substance; M, medial group; Mv, medioventral group (M and Mv constitute the ventral tegmental area [VTA]); A8, dopaminergic group A8; SNpd, substantia Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical … Whether CD28K determines neuronal vulnerability itself is controversial, and both positive and negative results have been reported. CD28K-positive neurons have been shown to be relatively resistant to degeneration in PD59 and in certain animal models of PD.60-62 There is also a sig nificant, decrease in CD28K protein and mRNA in the SN,

but not in the cerebellum and neocortex of PD patients compared with controls.63 However, on the basis of the viability assessment of midbrain DA neurons in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a 1-methyl4-phenyl-1 ,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesion paradigm using CD28K-deficient mice, CD28K-containing neurons are not spared by the pathological process, suggesting that endogenous CD28K is not required for protection of these neurons.64 Thus, CD28K may be a marker of resistance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of DA neurons to the degenerative process in PD, but not the causative agent itself. Perturbation of regulated balance between DAT and VMAT2 It has been proposed that the many process underlying PD is the selective degeneration of DA nerve terminals in the striatum expressing dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (V.M.AT2).65-68 DAT and VMAT2 are essential for normal DA neurotransmission: DAT terminates the actions of DA by rapidly removing it from the synapse; and VMAT2 loads cytoplasmic DA into synaptic vesicles for storage and subsequent release. Cytosolic DA can quickly form reactive oxygen species, and so DA that has been synthesized or transported into the neuron from the extracellular space is rendered harmless by rapid storage in small synaptic vesicles. Hence, DAT activity increases cytoplasmic DA concentrations, whereas VM AT2 activity decreases them.