(1996) reported aflatoxin production by one isolate defined as A. tamarii; however, Ito et al. (2001)

described this isolate as well as a second one as a new closely related species, Aspergillus pseudotamarii. Because some species of the Aspergillus section Flavi have the ability to produce aflatoxins and cause several diseases in humans, an accurate identification of each species would provide fundamental information concerning their aflatoxigenic and pathogenic properties. Classical identification methods of Aspergillus section Flavi strains are performed by examining several morphological traits observed on fungal cultures grown on different media (Samson et al., 2000). However, these procedures are time-consuming, require important mycological knowledge and are inaccurate because of intra- INCB024360 mw and interspecific morphological divergences (Klich & Pitt, 1988). Several molecular

genetic techniques have been tested to classify Aspergillus section Flavi strains: random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Yuan et al., 1995), amplified fragment Osimertinib supplier length polymorphism (Montiel et al., 2003), DNA restriction fragment polymorphism (Klich & Mullaney, 1987; Moody & Tyler, 1990a, b), and sequence analyses of (1) the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Wang et al., 2001), (2) the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (Kumeda & Asao, 1996; Henry et al., 2000; Kumeda & Asao, 2001; Rigo et al., 2002) and (3) the aflatoxin gene cluster (Chang et al., 1995; Watson et al., 1999; Tominaga et al., 2006). Although these studies

provided important information about the phylogenetic relationships between species, none of them used singly was able to solve problems of identification. Based on these studies, it appears that two aflatoxin genes (aflT and aflR) and the ITS regions are good candidates for further taxonomic investigations. The aflT gene, which is present in the species of the section Flavi, encodes a major facilitator superfamily transporter (Chang et al., 2004). The aflR is a regulatory gene of several enzymatic steps involved in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway (Payne et al., 1992). Woloshuk et al. (1994) revealed similar sequences of aflR gene in four species of the section: A. flavus, A. oryzae, www.selleck.co.jp/products/Vorinostat-saha.html A. parasiticus and A. sojae. Kumeda & Asao (2001) showed that most sequence differences among Aspergillus section Flavi species were sparsely observed in the ITS1 and ITS2 genes. In this paper, we have developed a six-step strategy using real-time PCR as the key tool, complemented if necessary by RAPD and DNA restriction enzyme fragment polymorphism technique, to set up a decision-making tree allowing an accurate identification process for nine of the 11 species described within the Aspergillus section Flavi. This method, focusing on the six most economical species, is proposed as a specific, sensitive and rapid diagnostic tool. Strains used in this study are listed in Table 1.