Expression was considered to have failed after more than 45 cycles of amplification without an increase in fluorescence

intensity. The thermal profile consisted of 45 cycles of: denaturation at 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 60°C (65°C for Bcl-2 and FasL) for 10 s, elongation at 72°C for 20 s (40 s for Bcl-2, FasL, GAPDH, ASPOL and CCO-1), and additional melting at 83°C (82°C for Bcl-2 and FasL; 86°C for GAPDH, ASPOL and CCO-1) for 5 s. Primers were designed using Primer3 software (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Bafilomycin A1 order MA, USA). The specificity of LightCycler PCR products was assessed by melting curve analysis. The oligonucleotide primers used were: Bcl-2 5′-TCCGCATCAGGAAGGCTAGA-3′ (sense) 5′-AGGACCAGGCCTCCAAGCT-3′ (antisense) Bax 5′-GCTGTTGGGCTGGATCCAAG-3′ (sense) 5′-TCAGCCCATCTTCTTCCAGA-3′ (antisense) IFNα 5′-TGAAGGACAGACATGACTTTGG-3′ (sense) 5′-TCCTTTGTGCTGAAGAGATTGA-3′ (antisense) MxA 5′-ATTTCGGATGCTTCAGAGGTAG-3′ (sense) 5′-TAGAGTCAGATCCGGGACATCT-3′ (antisense) TRAIL 5′-CCTCAGAGAGTAGCAGCTCACA-3′ (sense) 5′-CAGAGCCTTTTCATTCTTGGA-3′ (antisense) FasL 5′-CACTTTGGGATTCTTTCCAT-3′ (sense) 5′-GTGAGTTGAGGAGCTACAGA-3′ (antisense) GAPDH 5′-AAAGGGTCATCATCTCTGCC-3′ (sense) 5′-TGACAAAGTGGTCGTTGAGG-3′ (antisense) ASPOLG 5′-GAGCTGTTGACGGAAAGGAG-3′ (sense) 5′-CAGAAGAGAATCCCGGCTAAG-3′ (antisense) CCO-I 5′-TTCGCCGACCGTTGACTATT-3′

(sense) 5′-AAGATTATTACAAATGCATGGGC-3′ (antisense) HIV-1 Nef 5′-ATGGGGTGGGAGCAGTATCT-3′ (sense) 5′-TGCTACTTGTGATTGCTCCA-3′ (antisense) For intracellular staining of Bcl-2, PBMC samples, each containing 3 × 105 PBMCs, were fixed and permeabilized using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm solution, washed in 100 μL of this website BD Perm/Wash buffer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) and resuspended in 100 μL of fluorescence-activated cell-sorting buffer consisting of phosphate-buffered saline, 2% (m/v) FCS (Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany) and 0.05% (m/v) sodium azide (Sigma). Cells were

incubated for 30 min at 4°C with anti-Bcl-2-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (BD) after staining of the surface by Sinomenine suspension in 100 μL of fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) buffer and incubation for 30 min at 4°C with 5 μL of anti-CD4-phycoerythrin (PE) (BD). Fluorochrome-conjugated rat antimouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were used as isotype controls. Annexin V is a phospholipid-binding protein with high affinity to phosphatidylserine, which is translocated from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in early apoptosis. Cells in early apoptosis stain positive for Annexin V and negative for the vital dye 7-AAD. In order to determine the fraction of cells in lymphocyte subpopulations with early, spontaneous apoptosis, 3 × 105 PBMCs were washed in 100 μL of Annexin V binding buffer (BD) and incubated for 20 min at 22°C with 3 μL of Annexin V-FITC (BD), 5 μL of 7-AAD (BD), 5 μL of anti-CD4-PE (BD) and 5 μL of anti-CD8-allophycocyanin (APC) (BD) and assayed by flow cytometry.