Patients in the ART naïve group had been HIV positive for at least one year, and displayed peripheral https://www.selleckchem.com/products/empagliflozin-bi10773.html viral loads ranging from 9 x 103 to 2 x 104 RNA copies/mL blood and CD4+ T cells counts ranging from 525 to 137 cells/mL blood (Table 1). All HIV patients in the treated group

had been receiving ART uninterrupted for at least 3 years, showed undetectable peripheral viral loads, and had CD4+ T cell counts in that ranged from 322 to 1069 cells/mL blood. Peripheral CD4+ T cell depletion was statistically significant in the untreated HIV infected group when compared selleckchem to uninfected healthy controls (Figure 1A). HIV patients receiving long-term ART showed significantly higher CD4+ T cell numbers than untreated patients, although not reaching the levels observed in healthy controls. CD4/CD8 ratios in untreated HIV patients and HIV patients on ART were both significantly below the levels observed in healthy controls (Figure 1B). Table 1 Study Participants  

Patient ID   Time     Gender Status ART CDA* CDA* VL+ HIV+ Time Tx Ag69e HIV Control (n = 9) 204 F Control N/A 730 327 N/A N/A N/A 54   206 F Control N/A 510 275 N/A N/A N/A 69   213 F Control N/A 1021 382 N/A N/A N/A 43   214 F Control N/A 1559 1294 N/A N/A N/A 36   215 M Control N/A 380 290 N/A N/A N/A 57   218 M Control N/A 674 241 N/A N/A N/A 35   222 F Control N/A ND ND N/A N/A N/A 24   225 F Control N/A ND ND N/A N/A N/A 55   226 F Control N/A 1114 401 N/A N/A N/A 61 HIV ART-(n = 6) 217 M HIV+ No 307 1117 216000 9 yr None 39   224 F HIV+ No 238 1072 90000 3 yr None 39   207 F HIV+ No 151 385 55000 1.5 yr None 59   221 M HIV+ No 381 1188 50000 9 yr None 41   223 F HIV+ No 137 389 18000 1 yr None 30   212 M HIV+ No 525 873 9000 1.5y None 28 HIV + ART + (n = 6) 158 M HIV+ Yes 873 1302 UD

23 yr 20 yr 58   166 M HIV+ Yes 540 1041 UD 13 yr 13 yr 53   205 F HIV+ Yes 1069 582 UD 15 yr 8 yr 61   208 F HIV+ Yes 322 311 UD 6 yr 3 yr 37   219 F HIV+ Yes 490 531 UD 6 yr 6 yr 44   228 M HIV+ Yes 368 Fenbendazole 582 UD 9 yr 9 yr 39 Clinical characteristics of study participants. * CD4+, CD8+ T cells/mL blood. † HIV RNA copies/mL blood. ART = antiretroviral therapy, Tx = treatment. Figure 1 Comparison of circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. The absolute quantity of CD4+ T cells (A), and the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (B) as reported in CBC analysis of the blood of HIV- controls, untreated HIV infected patients, and HIV infected patients receiving ART. To evaluate the general impact of chronic HIV infection and ART administration on the oral microbiota, we SB203580 cell line utilized the HOMIM to identify the number of bacterial species residing on the dorsal tongue surface of HIV infected patients and compared the species profiles to healthy controls.