“
“To examine whether SB203580 experience can alter the sensitivity of the visual system to particular aspects of visual processing, 17 earthquake survivors and 17 controls were exposed to pictures of objects, and were required to identify the unbroken ones by checking for flaws on the surface. The electrophysiological results indicated that approximately 150 ms after presentation of a visual stimulus, the earthquake survivors showed an enhanced negativity (N1) as compared with the controls. This finding supports the claim that the pattern of neural activity associated with the early stages of object perception can be modified by real-world experiences. NeuroReport 22:855-859 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health

vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Diverse stimuli reactivate the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

lytic cycle in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. In HH514-16 BL cells, two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, sodium butyrate (NaB) and trichostatin A (TSA), and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacytidine (AzaCdR) promote lytic reactivation. Valproic acid (VPA), which, like NaB, belongs to the short-chain fatty acid class of HDAC inhibitors, selleck inhibitor fails to induce the EBV lytic cycle in these cells. Nonetheless, VPA behaves as an HDAC inhibitor; it causes hyperacetylation of histone H3 (J.K. Countryman, L. Gradoville, and G. Miller, J. Virol. 82: 4706-4719, 2008). Here we show that VPA blocked the induction of EBV early lytic proteins ZEBRA and EA-D in response to NaB, TSA, or AzaCdR. The block in lytic activation occurred prior to the accumulation of BZLF1 transcripts. Reactivation of EBV in Akata cells, in response to anti-IgG, and in Raji cells, in response to tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), was also inhibited by VPA. MS-275 and apicidin, representing two additional classes of HDAC inhibitors, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) reactivated EBV in HH514-16 cells; this activity was also inhibited by VPA. Although VPA potently blocked the expression of viral lytic-cycle transcripts, it did not generally block the transcription of cellular genes

and was not toxic. The levels and kinetics of specific cellular transcripts, such as Stat3, Frmd6, Mad1, Sepp1, c-fos, c-jun, and egr1, which were activated by NaB and TSA, were similar in HH514-16 cells treated with VPA. When combined with NaB CYTH4 or TSA, VPA did not inhibit the activation of these cellular genes. Changes in cellular gene expression in response to VPA, NaB, or TSA were globally similar as assessed by human genome arrays; however, VPA selectively stimulated the expression of some cellular genes, such as MEF2D, YY1, and ZEB1, that could repress the EBV lytic cycle. We describe a novel example of functional antagonism between HDAC inhibitors.”
“Both behavioral and neurophysiological evidence shows the advantage of object visualizers in object-related tasks relative to spatial visualizers.