, 2007). In contrast, three species of the genus Kionochaeta (Okada et al., 1997), four species of Pseudogymnoascus (Sugiyama et al., 1999; Rice & Currah, 2006), and six species of Lecythophora (Weber et al., 2002) have been described in the NCBI taxonomy database and rarely isolated from soils. Some of the fungal antagonists Palbociclib clinical trial isolated here exhibited low levels of similarity between their 18S rRNA gene sequences and those of their closest species: two strains, MK-100 and HB-296, showed 96.5–97.1% sequence similarities to the closest species, Kionochaeta spissa (accession no. AB003790). Strain HB-92 also showed

a low sequence similarity (96.5%) to Penicillium radicum (accession no. AY256855). These results suggest that at least three strains (MK-100, HB-296, and HB-92) were phylogenetically novel, although further investigations such as morphological and

biochemical characterizations will be needed. Using the agar diffusion assay, we compared the strength of the antagonistic activities of the fungal isolates toward Akt cancer potato scab pathogens (Fig. 2). The results showed that strains HB-54, NO-14, NO-21, and NO-28 exhibited higher antagonistic activities against all scab pathogens tested than the other fungal isolates. Interestingly, strains MK-100 and CO-21 effectively inhibited the growth of S. turgidiscabiei, Calpain although they did not show high antagonistic activities toward S. scabiei and S. acidiscabiei. Furthermore, strains HB-52 and HB-236 showed higher

activities against S. acidiscabiei than against the other pathogens. Strain KY-108 showed higher activities against S. acidiscabiei and S. turgidiscabiei than against S. scabiei, while strain HB-92 showed higher activities against S. scabiei and S. acidiscabiei than against S. turgidiscabiei. Thus, some fungal isolates showed different levels of antagonism against individual species of potato scab pathogens. These differences may have been attributable to the different susceptibilities of the pathogens to antibiotics and other growth-inhibiting compounds, as reported previously (Lambert & Loria, 1989a, b; Miyajima et al., 1998). We consider that the fungal antagonists examined in the present study produced some kind of extracellular compounds to prevent the growth of potato scab pathogens. For instance, species of the genera Penicillium/Eupenicillium are the best known antibiotic-producing fungi (Elander, 2003). Kionochaeta sp. was also reported to produce an antibiotic substance, pughiinin A (Pittayakhajonwut et al., 2002). Thus, such antibiotics may inhibit the growth of potato scab pathogens.