2009). In the current study, significant activation (cluster P < 0.05, FWE corrected)

was observed in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC and the inferior frontal gyrus extending into the anterior insula) and in the left PPC. We also observed significant activation in the thalamus and striatum. Additional activation was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex, the occipital cortex, the right fusiform gyrus, and the cerebellum. Figure 3 Brain activation in controls during performance of the working memory task. The figure shows significant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical whole brain activation at the cluster level (P < 0.05, family wise error [FWE] corrected for multiple comparisons) in four selected slices. ... As expected, in the ROI analysis, we found significant cortical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical activation in the bilateral DLPFC and the left PCC

at both cluster and peak levels of analysis (Table ​(Table3).3). Bilateral thalami were significantly activated at the cluster level of analysis. The thalamic activation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical clusters were particularly observed in the ventral anterior and medial dorsal parts of the thalamus. In addition, the bilateral striatum (caudate and putamen) and globus pallidus were significantly activated at the peak level. Activation in the caudate and the right globus pallidus was also significant at the cluster level. The activated areas in the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus were merged into one cluster in each hemisphere. Finally, significant activation (peak and cluster level) was observed in the left substantia nigra. No activation

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was found in the subthalamic nucleus. Thus the working memory task elicited brain activation in all predefined regions of interest except the subthalamic nucleus. Table 3 Brain activation in regions of interest (ROIs) during the working memory task Brain activation in MS As shown in Figure ​Figure4,4, MS participants had more extended activation in the bilateral PPC as Brefeldin A protein transport compared to the controls (Table ​(Table3).3). No other brain areas were more activated in MS participants than controls. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical On the other hand, MS participants had less activation than controls in almost all other ROIs, that is, the right DLPFC, the left thalamus (ventral anterior nucleus), bilateral striatum (caudate and Carfilzomib putamen), the left globus pallidus, and the left substantia nigra. Thus MS participants activated the parietal cortex in both hemispheres more than controls, whereas they elicited less activation in the thalamus and several regions of the basal Crenolanib ganglia as compared to controls. Figure 4 Differences in brain activation between MS participants and controls in regions of interest (ROIs). The figure shows significant differences (P < 0.05, family wise error [FWE] corrected for multiple comparisons) in four selected slices. The red …