, 2011). With an increasing number of studies on CVD mortality (primarily) and incidence (secondarily)

Selleckchem Gemcitabine that include estimates of risk at lower chronic arsenic exposure levels (i.e., <100–150 μg/L arsenic in drinking water), patterns are beginning to emerge regarding doses for which elevations in CVD risk are more likely, or where the magnitude of association is minimal if present at all. This study presents a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between arsenic exposure and CVD in studies that include the lower end of the exposure range and CVD. The evidence from these studies was critically examined to evaluate a possible no-adverse-effect level and implications for a non-cancer buy Epacadostat RfD specific to CVD. A structured literature review was conducted in PubMed to identify epidemiologic studies published

through March 1, 2014, that reported on the association between low-level arsenic exposure and CVD in adults. The search string referenced the exposure (arsenic) and the health outcomes of interest (cardio, cardiac, CVD, cardiovascular mortality, coronary artery disease, carotid artherosclerosis, carotid atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart attack, ischemic heart disease, heart, blood pressure, cardiovascular function biomarker, microvascular disease, macrovascular disease, hypertension,

blackfoot disease, cerebral infarction, and angina). All titles and abstracts were screened first, followed by a full-text review of relevant review articles, including meta-analyses, and published studies based on original data. Citations of relevant references were screened for additional studies that were not identified through the initial electronic search. Studies were included in the systematic review based on the following criteria: (1) epidemiologic evaluations comparing a population exposed to ingested arsenic that included lower exposure levels (e.g., generally <100–150 μg/L or equivalent biomarker levels) with a population that had much lower or minimal arsenic exposure (external or internal comparisons involving different dose groups Protein kinase N1 were allowed if the study reported a referent group of minimal exposure); (2) publications in the English language; and (3) reported statistical associations between arsenic exposure and CVD outcomes with corresponding measures of variability (e.g., 95% confidence level (CI)). Studies with sufficient information to calculate relative risk (RR) estimates at lower arsenic exposure levels or measures of variability, or both, were also included. If more than one study examined the same cohort or study population and had the same outcome, data were extracted from the publication with the most comprehensive analysis or length of follow-up.