, 2012 for review). To determine whether the excitatory drive onto CCK INs was altered during ITDP, we used fluorescence-guided whole-cell recordings to monitor the SC-evoked EPSPs in CCK INs expressing GFP. GFP was restricted to CCK-expressing GABAergic INs using an intersectional genetic approach (Taniguchi et al.,

2011; Figure S5A, see Experimental Procedures). Temsirolimus We also recorded SC-evoked EPSPs in tdTomato-labeled PV INs. We found that ITDP induction did not alter the magnitude of the EPSP evoked by SC stimulation in either CCK or PV INs (Figures 8A1–8A3), ruling out either general or specific changes in synaptic excitation. Next, we tested whether the postsynaptic GABA response was altered in CA1 PNs using the photoactivatable caged compound RuBi-GABA (Rial Verde et al., 2008). The peak amplitude and rise time of uncaging IPSCs in CA1 PNs evoked by a single 470 nm light pulse on the perisomatic space (using 5 μM RuBi-GABA) was unchanged during ITDP (Figures 8B1–8B3). Thus, ITDP does not alter the postsynaptic GABA response. These results imply that iLTD during ITDP is most likely mediated by a decrease in GABA release from CCK INs. To test this idea, we measured the paired-pulse

ratio (PPR) of IPSCs evoked in CA1 PNs by two closely spaced stimuli (50 ms interpulse interval) because an increase in PPR is thought to reflect a decrease in the probability of transmitter release (Dobrunz and Stevens, 1997). We found that ITDP was indeed associated with an increase in the PPR, either when IPSCs were evoked by electrical stimulation of the Rutecarpine SC pathway (73.13% ± Selleck IPI145 7.6% increase, p < 0.0001, n = 13) or by photostimulation of ChR2+ CCK INs (63.59% ± 14.6% increase,

p < 0.01, paired t test, n = 5; Figures 8C1–8C3). In contrast, the PPR for IPSCs evoked by photostimulation of ChR2+ PV INs was unaltered by ITDP (p = 0.8741, paired t test, n = 4). This supports the view that iLTD during ITDP results from a selective decrease in GABA release from perisomatic-targeting CCK INs. One well-characterized mechanism that decreases GABA release from CCK INs is through the action of endocannabinoids (eCBs), retrograde messengers that act on G protein-coupled CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) abundantly expressed in CCK presynaptic terminals (Castillo et al., 2012). These molecules have been implicated in a form of iLTD induced by high-frequency SC stimulation (Chevaleyre and Castillo, 2003). A recent study found that the induction of ITDP in CA1 PNs also requires eCB release and activation of CB1Rs (Xu et al., 2012). However, this latter study used a protocol that was suited neither for examining FFI nor the iLTD component of ITDP (see Discussion). Given our findings that iLTD accounts for the major synaptic change during ITDP, we investigated the role of eCBs in this process.