3). Of the two immune-mediator genes that were quantified (IL18R1, IL33), only IL18R1 expression was reduced significantly in the AA group when compared to the SS group at the 28-day post-surgery time-point (Fig. 4). Utilizing the first murine appendicitis model (developed by us), we have shown previously that

although appendicitis alone or appendectomy alone or no intervention alone were not protective, appendicitis followed by appendectomy (AA) provided significant protection against subsequent experimental colitis [16]. We chose the distal-most colonic samples carefully, avoiding the caecum Everolimus in vitro and the rest of the colon, not only for the obvious reason of pathological relevance, but also to minimize bacterial contamination and severely acute inflammatory changes in the acutely inflamed caecum. We have also avoided delving into minutiae regarding specific immunological systems, such as the markedly suppressed T helper type 2 (Th17) system in AA which will be expounded in another manuscript, for the sake of space, brevity and focus. We used gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to elucidate the pathways involved in this protective effect. Distal colonic expression of 266 gene-sets was significantly up-regulated in AA group samples and the study was C646 molecular weight validated by quantitative RT–PCR of 14 selected genes. However, time–course experiments involving these genes displayed down-regulation of these genes over a period of 28 days in both SS and

AA groups. Many key immunological, apoptosis-related and cellular function-associated gene-sets involved in the protective effect of AA in experimental colitis were identified. The up-regulated gene-sets not known to be involved directly in immunity include those participating in cellular cytoskeleton, apoptosis, cell cycle, Levetiracetam growth and growth factors, non-immune development and differentiation, enzyme activity and regulation, protein metabolism, injury, healing and angiogenesis, reactive species stress-related, malignancy and intervention-related and transcription factors. Up-regulated gene-sets known to play well-established roles in immunity include those participating in antigen processing,

cellular adhesion, extracellular matrix and receptor interactions, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-related pathways, cellular signalling, immune system development and differentiation, injury, healing and angiogenesis, responses to pathogens, chemokine and cytokine-related pathways, interferon and other immune-factor-related or -induced pathways. The IBD-associated genes tnfsf10, SLC22A5, C3, ccr5, irgm, and ptger4 were up-regulated and ccl20 gene (also IBD-associated) was decreased in AA mice 3 days after surgery. Of immunologically relevant IBD genes that were modulated, tnfsf10[36] encodes a cytokine belonging to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family, which binds to several members of the TNF receptor superfamily and triggers activation of MAPK8/JNK and caspases.