Although such self-reports are sensitive to changes following intensive training in mindfulness, there is also evidence that without such training levels of mindfulness remain relatively stable over time (Baer et al., 2004 and Brown and Ryan, 2003). That is, individuals seem to differ in their natural tendency to be aware of their moment to moment experience in an open and non-judgmental way. Validation studies have related self-reports of mindfulness to a range of behavioral and cognitive variables reflecting hypothesized consequences of mindfulness. For

example, event sampling studies have shown that self-reported mindfulness predicts higher levels of autonomy and lower levels of unpleasant affect in daily functioning (Brown & Ryan, 2003). A recent brain study MK-1775 price has demonstrated that self-reported levels of dispositional mindfulness are related to resting activity in brain areas involved in self-referential processing as well as amygdala reactivity when viewing emotional faces (Way, Creswell, Eisenberger, & Lieberman, 2010). Consistent with the assumption that mindfulness may protect against the negative effects of emotional vulnerabilities, dispositional mindfulness is negatively related to neuroticism (Giluk, 2009). Furthermore, there is some evidence that it may offset its negative

effects. Feltman, Robinson, and Ode (2009) assessed dispositional mindfulness, neuroticism and depressive Org 27569 symptoms RG7204 nmr cross-sectionally in a sample of students and found that dispositional mindfulness moderated the relation between neuroticism and depressive symptoms: Neuroticism was significantly related to depressive symptoms in those with low levels of dispositional mindfulness, but

there was no significant relation between neuroticism and depressive symptoms in those with high levels of dispositional mindfulness. The current study was aimed at replicating and extending these findings. For this study an opportunity had arisen to test the protective effects of dispositional mindfulness in a general population sample that provided information on neuroticism six years before our assessment of depressive symptoms and dispositional mindfulness – also at separate occasions. Investigating relations over relatively remote points in time is consistent with the idea that neuroticism functions as a relatively stable temperamental risk factor and also allowed us to provide stronger control against the effects of general response bias. Previous research on this sample had shown a significant correlation between neuroticism scores assessed six years earlier and current symptoms of depression (Barnhofer & Chittka, 2010). Extending this research in this sample, we hypothesized that when taking into account dispositional mindfulness this relationship would remain significant in those low in dispositional mindfulness but not in those high in dispositional mindfulness.