As shown in Fig. 3A, phosphorylation of 53BP1 at Thr302, Ser831, Ser166, Ser176 Ser178 and Ser452 was obvious 15 min just after exposure to IR and phosphorylation of these residues was even now evident 2h and 4h post irradiation. The kinetics of 53BP1 phosphorylation was equivalent to individuals of IR induced phosphorylation of p53 Ser15 and SMC1 Ser966 . Similar outcomes had been obtained in U2OS cells and in HCT116 cells . Addition of protein phosphatase to cell extracts abolished recognition of 53BP1 by each antibody . We up coming sought to determine the kinase accountable for IR induced phosphorylation of 53BP1. As the web sites underneath investigation all lie in a consensus sequence for ATM, ATR and DNA PK, which have been all activated by IR, the involvement of each of those kinases was investigated. Preincubation of cells using the NU7441, a specific inhibitor ofDNA PK had no effect on IR induced phosphorylation of 53BP1 . There are no certain inhibitors of ATR at the moment attainable. Nevertheless, somatic cells have already been produced during which one particular allele of ATR is disrupted as well as remaining allele is flanked by flox recombination sequences and may thus be removed by viral transduction from the CRE recombinase .
Ablation of ATR within this Y-27632 method had no impact on IR induced phoshorylation of 53BP1 . In contrast, the KU55933, a specific inhibitor of ATM severely reduced phosphorylation 53BP1 at Thr302, Ser831, Ser166, Ser176 Ser178 and Ser452 and similar results were obtained in cells lacking ATM, but not in cells lacking DNA PK . As reported previously, IR induced phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 and, to a lesser extent, phosphorylation of SMC1 at Ser966 have been inhibited by KU55933 . Therefore, ATM phosphorylates the novel 53BP1 phosphorylation websites identified on this review, in response to double strand breaks. Most studies on 53BP1 function concentrate on its purpose in react ing to DSBs and little information is presented to implicate 53BP1 in cellular responses to other kinds of DNA lesion. 53BP1 varieties nuclear foci in human cells in response to IR but not in response to UV or replication anxiety . This really is consistent using the notion that 53BP1 responds particularly to DBSs.
We examined the effect of UV irradiation of 53BP1 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, 53BP1 grew to become Secretase inhibitors kinase inhibitor phoshorylated swiftly at Thr302, Ser831, Ser166, Ser176 Ser178 and Ser452 in response to UV light . UV induced phosphorylation of 53BP1 was apparent 15 min publish irradiation and greater as time passes, reaching amaximum at about 60min. Comparable effects were obtained in U2OS, HCT116 cells and in HEK293 cells . Though ATM is responsible for IR induced phosphorylation of 53BP1 in response to DSBs, neither ATM nor DNA PK is activated byUVlight and so these kinases are unlikely tomediate UV induced phoshorylation of 53BP1.