Authors’ contributions TT planned the overview of this study, designed and carried out the ETEM observation, and drafted the manuscript. TK operated and analysed the EELS mapping by ETEM. TI carried out the design of sample fabrication set-up. TO carried out the fabrication sample. YH maintained the fabrication MPCVD setup. KS maintained and set up the ETEM. TY designed the ETEM observation condition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background A nano drug delivery

system can transport anticancer agents and preferentially reach tumor sites, owing to the advantages of reduced clearance from the reticuloendothelial system (RES), increased tumor accumulation through enhanced permeation and retention (EPR), Geneticin molecular weight and buy S63845 effective cellular uptake, as they offer a less invasive alternative compared selleck chemical with conventional therapeutic cocktails (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery), thereby minimizing the excessive toxic side effects and maximizing the efficacy of drugs in clinical trials [1, 2]. Some characteristics can be the prerequisites for a nano drug delivery system: (1) a low cytotoxicity and the possibility of biodegradability of the vector itself, (2) versatile surface functionalization, (3) a high drug-loaded content related with elevated therapeutic efficacy, (4) a good dispersibility and colloidal stability of the vector in physiological conditions,

(5) a low level of protein adsorption related with a prolonged circulation time, (6) a low degree of premature leakage and the possibility

for controlled release of drugs, and (7) can be targeted to cell/tissue of choice and effective cellular uptake [3–5]. Self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable interest for their potential use in drug delivery and cancer therapy since they can encapsulate a series of poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs and release them in a sustained manner at their target site [6–8]. Self-assembly technique can provide a simple and low-cost method for producing NPs in a controllable way [9]. Polymeric amphiphiles consisting of hydrophilic and Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase hydrophobic parts can form nanosized self-assemblies with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. The hydrophilic shell contributes to their prolonged circulation to increase their ability of reaching the target tumor tissue after systemic administration in vivo. More importantly, because of their abnormally leaky vasculature and lack of an effective lymphatic drainage system, self-assembled NPs also tend to be accumulated in tumor sites [10]. Paclitaxel (PTX), one of the most exciting anticancer agents, was currently available. It showed effective activity by inhibiting various tumors and had been used clinically in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and several other malignancies [11].