Bacterial HOs promote degradation of the haem imported from the external environment, via the haem uptake system, to provide iron to the cell (Zhu et al., 2000b; Skaar et al., 2006; Reniere et al., 2007). However, the fate of the CO produced remains unclear. Many of the biological effects of CO are due to it binding to haemoproteins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), inducible nitric oxide synthetase, cytochrome P-450, cytochrome c oxidase,

or phagocyte NADPH : oxidase. The interaction of CO with these haem proteins mediates a direct effect on protein function and eventually triggers a cascade of events, as described below. The competition with oxygen for binding to haemoglobin (c. 240 times greater than Epacadostat in vivo oxygen) and the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain caused by the ligation of CO to the terminal cytochrome c oxidase are the basis of toxicity of CO to humans (Wikström et al., 1981). The binding of CO to the haem-containing cystathionine β-synthase inhibits

the protein, leading to an increase in the degree of intracellular protein methylation (Puranik et al., 2006; Yamamoto et al., 2011). CO has the ability to displace histidine, cysteine and tyrosine residues that are coordinated to metals. Indeed, this is the basis of several CO sensors where removal of the proximal histidine ligand of the haem iron by CO controls the protein’s functional role (Tsai et al., 2012). CO has also been identified as a ligand to iron of the mixed metal Ni-Fe centre of hydrogenases.

This is an unprecedented example of a native carbonyl Selleckchem GSK J4 complex in a biological system (Ogata et al., 2002). More recently, CO was reported to interact with proteins such as albumin, ferritin and lysozyme via a protein-Ru(II)-(CO)2 adduct. The formation of this complex accelerates eltoprazine the release of CO from CORM-3, suggesting that plasma proteins may control the pharmacokinetic properties of CO-RMs (Santos-Silva et al., 2011). Although CO has affinity to other metal atoms such as cobalt, nickel and copper, so far only the direct binding of CO to iron in biological systems has been demonstrated (Bender et al., 2011). Hence, many intracellular targets for CO remain to be identified. To overcome the limitations usually associated with gaseous drugs, a large variety of CO-RMs have been prepared. The majority of CO-RMs are composed of a transition metal (Fe, Co, Mn or Ru) bound to a variable number and type of ancillary ligands. Although non-metal CO-RMs (e.g. the boranocarbonate CORM-A1) are also available, the organometallic complexes seem to be the most suitable class of compounds to act as CO carriers. Apart from the nature of the transition metal, the members of the organometallic CO-RM family differ in the number and mode of liberation of the CO molecules.