(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3560029]“
“Proline accumulation is responsible for stress adaptation in many plants. To distinguish the involvement of two proline synthetic pathways, the virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) system that silenced the expression of genes encoding Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS; EC:1.5.1.12) and ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (OAT; EC 2.6.1.13) was performed, separately or concomitantly,

selleckchem in four-week-old Nicotiana benthamiana. Leaf discs of VIGS-treated tobacco were subjected to the treatment of drought, abscisic acid (ABA), or polyethylene glycol (PEG). The treated leaf discs were then collected for the determination of mRNA, chlorophyll, proline and polyamine level. Under drought

stress or PEG treatment, most proline accumulation was inhibited in P5CS-silenced plants and only a small portion was inhibited in OAT-silenced plants under drought stress and no inhibition was observed under PEG treatment. Under ABA treatment, proline AZD1480 clinical trial accumulation was inhibited completely in P5CS-silenced plants but unaffected in OAT-silenced plants. The degradation of chlorophyll was enhanced in P5CS-silenced plants but retarded in OAT-silenced plants under PEG treatment. Under ABA treatment, the degradation of chlorophyll was unaffected in both P5CS-silenced and OAT-silenced plants. The increase of polyamine level was unaffected in P5CS-silenced plants but increased in OAT-silenced plants under PEG treatment. Under ABA treatment, the increase of polyamine level was unaffected in P5CS-silenced plants but the polyamine level was increased later in OAT-silenced plants. Therefore, P5CS plays a major role in proline accumulation

under drought, PEG, or ABA treatment, while OAT plays a minor role in drought or PEG treatment and does not participate in ABA treatment. OAT appears to have a close relationship with the regulation of polyamine levels in PEG and ABA treatments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“We describe a patient with Angelman syndrome with severe developmental delay who was visually impaired by uncorrected high hyperopia and poor control of accommodation. Refractive lens exchange with intraocular lens implantation was performed Selleck BIIB057 in both eyes when the patient was 22 years of age. Satisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes were achieved and maintained during 3 years of follow-up. Refractive lens exchange can be useful in patients with severe neurobehavioral disorders in the presence of high refractive error and poor accommodative control.”
“Nd1-xKxMnO3 (x = 0.15-0.20) compounds were prepared in single phase form and their crystal structure, magnetic structure, and magnetic properties were studied by recording neutron powder diffraction patterns and magnetization measurements down to 22 K.