Cataplexy-like episodes were not observed. The percentage of time spent in wakefulness

and non-(N)REM sleep, as well as the power spectral profile of NREM and REM sleep, were unaffected. Control animals injected with scrambled siRNA had no sleep changes post-injection. Quantification of the knockdown revealed that unilateral microinjection of siRNAs targeting OxR2 into the lPMT induced a approximately 40% reduction of OxR2 mRNA 2 days following the injections when compared with the contralateral side receiving control (scrambled) siRNA. Orexin type 1 receptor mRNA level was unaffected. Our results indicate that removal of OxR2 neurotransmission in the lPMT enhances REM sleep click here by increasing the duration of REM episodes. “
“Dual-task practice has been previously shown to enhance motor learning when both primary and secondary tasks engage similar cognitive processes. In the present study, participants practiced a finger sequence task with the non-dominant hand under a single-task condition (i.e. without a probe task) or a dual-task condition 3-MA purchase in which a probe choice reaction time (CRT) task was presented during the preparation phase (before movement onset) of the finger task. It was hypothesised that by

engaging similar ‘planning’ processes, the dual-task condition may facilitate the activation of shared ‘planning’ circuitry that includes dorsal premotor cortex (dPM), an important neural substrate for CRT task performance and movement preparation. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS; 1 Hz) was applied

to the contralateral dPM immediately following practice. Motor learning was assessed by a retention test conducted ~ 24 h after practice. Consistent with our previous results, the dual-task condition enhanced learning compared with the single-task condition. rTMS applied to dPM attenuated the dual-task practice benefit on motor learning. In contrast, rTMS to M1 did not attenuate the dual-task practice benefit, suggesting the rTMS effect was specific to dPM. Our findings suggest a unique role of dPM in mediating the dual-task practice effect on motor learning. Performing actions under dual-task conditions, such as talking while walking, is a part of everyday Casein kinase 1 life. Numerous studies have shown that performance or learning of a motor task is compromised when the task is performed under dual-task conditions (except for automatised actions; Wulf et al., 2001; Beilock et al., 2002; Hazeltine et al., 2002; Bebko et al., 2005; Abernethy et al., 2007) due to limited capacity in human attentional resources (Klingberg, 2000; Woollacott & Shumway-Cook, 2002). It is therefore commonly assumed that the learner should not be overloaded with performing an additional task during acquisition of a new task (Eversheim & Bock, 2001; Nejati et al., 2008; Schumacher & Schwarb, 2009).