citrulli on melon seedlings (Bahar et al., 2009; O. Bahar and S. Burdman, unpublished data). Nevertheless, the roles of TFP and polar flagella in xylem colonization and translocation inside the plant are not yet understood. Microfluidic flow chambers (MFCs) mimic the xylem vessels of plant vascular systems (Meng et al., 2005) and have been used as a model system to investigate the behavior of bacteria under flow conditions. For instance, MFC studies with Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-limited pathogen that lacks flagella and causes Pierce’s disease of grapes (Meng et al., 2005; De La Fuente et al., www.selleckchem.com/products/Etopophos.html 2007a, b), demonstrated

the ability of X. fastidiosa to move against medium flow with the assistance of TFP and to strongly adhere to surfaces by means of type I pili (De La Fuente et al., 2007a, b). We hypothesize that the observed reduced virulence of A. citrulli TFP and polar flagellum mutants on seedlings is at least in part due to their reduced abilities to adhere to and form biofilms on the vascular tissue, and to spread against xylem flow. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate A. citrulli behavior under xylem flow-mimicking conditions, with an emphasis on surface adhesion, biofilm formation and

movement. In particular, we aim to define the role of TFP and flagella during the infection process of A. citrulli. NVP-LDE225 chemical structure Here, we used the MFC technology to compare the group I wild-type strain M6 with a TFP null mutant M6-M (M6 impaired in the TFP assembly gene pilM) and with a hyperpiliated mutant (M6-T, impaired in pilT that encodes an ATPase protein required for TFP retraction and twitching). An M6 mutant lacking polar flagella (M6-flg) was also assessed. To authenticate the role of TFP in A. citrulli in the MFC system, experiments using

the group II wild-type strain W1 compared with its TFP null mutant W1-A (impaired in pilA, encoding pilin, the major TFP subunit) were also conducted. Acidovorax citrulli strains and their characteristics are described in Table Resminostat 1. For MFC studies, strains were grown in Nutrient Broth (Difco) at 28 °C with shaking (200 r.p.m.) until the midlog phase. Cultures were then collected using a sterile 1-mL syringe and introduced into the MFCs. Assays were set at 25 °C according to De La Fuente et al. (2007b) and lasted 3–8 days. A mutant impaired in flagellin was generated on the background of wild-type M6. Primers Flg-mut-F (5′-GCCGAATTCGCAGACCAAGACCGTCAACG-3′) and Flg-mut-R (5′-GCCGGATCCTTGATGTCCTTGCCCGACTCGTT-3′) were designed based on the Aave_4400 sequence (fliC) of strain AAC00-1 (http://genome.jgi-psf.org/aciav/aciav.info.html). The amplified fragment, which does not span the 3′- and 5′-ends of the gene, was digested with EcoRI and BamHI (the restriction sites are underlined in the above primer sequences) and cloned into the suicide vector pJP5603 (Penfold & Pemberton, 1992), conferring kanamycin (Km) resistance.