e. estimated to be 80.7 °C using 1.5-iTech software). These data were confirmed by the analysis of two strains carrying three repeats, 20 with four repeats and 20 with five repeats (Table 1). The allele with three repeats was less frequent than those with four and five repeats, but we were not able to check the method with a sample carrying the allele with six repeats because of its rarity among Map strains. In selleck kinase inhibitor fact, despite the multitude of studies that have analysed the SSR8 locus, this rare allele has been described in only five strains (isolated in the USA from different host species) (Amonsin et al., 2004; Ghadiali et al., 2004; Harris et al., 2006; Thibault et al., 2008).

Moreover, as PCR is an in vitro assay, the use of synthetic DNA should not interfere

with the reaction. Perfect concordance was observed between our approach and the results of the direct sequencing (K = 1), and low SDs confirmed the precision of the method. As with many other Mycobacteria, Map http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html is characterized by a genome very rich in GC (Li et al., 2005) and this feature could make it difficult to design appropriate primers for the amplification of specific targets. However, the design of the primers according to the LATE-PCR strategy allowed us to overcome this problem. Erali & Wittwer (2010) showed that full-amplicon HRM analysis performed with specific HRM instruments allowed the identification of various single nucleotide polymorphisms, even those belonging to class 4 (A  T), which showed a difference in Tm near 0.25 °C. As previously shown (Zhou et al., 2004), the use of short unlabelled probe directly in the PCR reaction mix enhanced the differences between each variant and allowed an unbiased identification

of the polymorphism present. The method proposed here is robust and reproducible and in comparison stiripentol with direct sequencing, its results are more cost effective (€1.5 for each sample vs. €8–10) and faster (3 h to obtain a final result vs. 4 h). Moreover, it is a closed-tube technique requiring only a qPCR system, minimizing contamination risks. Finally, as HRM analysis is not destructive, and is compatible with sequencing techniques, it potentially allows new alleles or mutations inside the probe-matching site (peaks with unexpected Tm) to be found. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article suggesting the application of HRM analysis in the analysis of short repeat number. Further studies should investigate the usefulness of the method proposed for the identification of mononucleotide SSR loci, such as SSR1 and SSR2. We thank Dr S.P. Pongolini (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna) for helpful discussion during the set up of the method. The study was supported with grants from the Ministry of Health, Italy (IZSLER 19/09 RC). Part of this work was submitted as an abstract to the 5th International qPCR Symposium & Industrial Exhibition & Application Workshop, 2011, Freising, Germany.