For 5-HT1AR knockouts and control littermates, tail DNA was extracted to reconfirm genotype through PCR. Paired Wilcoxon’s signed rank non-parametric tests were used throughout, unless otherwise stated. All statistically

significant correlations were significant with both Spearman’s and Pearson’s methods; Spearman’s correlations are reported as they are less sensitive to outliers and requires a monotonic, but not necessarily linear, relationship. All correlation values on figures are plotted with a 95% confidence interval and p value obtained from bootstrapping. Standard errors of means (SEMs) were plotted in bar graphs to show the accuracy of the estimation of the mean of the population. We thank E.B. Likhtik, P.T. O’Neill, R. Hen,

and T. Sigurdsson CB-839 for comments on the manuscript, as well as H. Moore and the members of the Gordon and Hen labs for helpful discussions of the experimental design and analysis. Cabozantinib This work was supported by grants to J.A.G. from the NIMH (K08 MH098623 and R01 MH081958) and the Hope for Depression Research Foundation. J.A.G. is also the recipient of the IMHRO Rising Star Award. A.A. designed and performed the experiments, conducted the data analysis, and wrote the paper. M.A.T. assisted in performing the experiments and did the histology. J.A.G. designed the experiments, supervised the performance of the experiments and data analysis, and wrote the paper. “
“The duration and termination of a sensory input are universal parameters underlying sensory processing that require some element of neural computation. This is especially true in the auditory system, where preservation of timing information is important for sound localization, auditory scene analysis, and communication (Snell and Frisina, 2000). The mammalian auditory brainstem possesses circuits involved in gap detection and sound duration encoding (Kadner and Berrebi, 2008 and Kadner et al., 2006) in which the superior paraolivary nucleus Idoxuridine (SPN) and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB; Banks and Smith, 1992 and Kuwabara and Zook, 1991) are key

components (Figure 1A). The rodent SPN (referred to as SPON in rats: Saldaña and Berrebi, 2000) is considered to be the homolog of the dorsomedial paraolivary nucleus in other mammals (Grothe and Park, 2000). The ubiquitous presence of this nucleus across many mammalian species, independent of their specialization for low- or high-frequency sound localization, also suggests that the SPN is involved in functions other than sound localization (Behrend et al., 2002, Dehmel et al., 2002, Kulesza, 2008, Kulesza et al., 2003, Schofield, 1995 and Zook and Casseday, 1982). The SPN receives a weak bilateral (predominantly contralateral) excitatory input from the cochlear nuclei (Kuwabara et al., 1991) and a strong, tonotopically ordered inhibitory input from the MNTB (Banks and Smith, 1992 and Sommer et al., 1993).