For instance, Cicchillitti et al. identified disulphide isomerase ERp57 as a novel paclitaxel-resistant marker that forms a complex with TUBB3, and directs microtubule attachment to chromosomes, which is interesting given that paclitaxel targets tubulin [68]. Further studies should examine the effects of ERp57 knockdown on decreasing resistance to paclitaxel in other OvCa cell lines, as well as evaluate the potential of ERp57 to be used a marker to monitor therapy and patient outcome. Similar studies incorporated 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to ESI Q-TOF tandem

MS/MS or MALDI-TOF MS in the analysis of A2780 and SKOV3 platinum and taxane-sensitive and -resistant cell lines, and identified STA-9090 nmr numerous potential markers of resistant OvCas

for personalized cancer therapy [69], [70] and [71]. However, additional evaluation of these proteins in large clinical validation studies is required to elucidate their potential as predictive markers of chemoresistance. Further examination on the role of these proteins in the development of platinum resistance using knockout mouse models will determine their value as potential therapeutic targets. Other cell line model systems of chemoresistance, such as IGROV1 (sensitive) and IGROV1-R10 (resistant) cells have also been employed in the quest to find altered proteomic signatures of resistance, which have been followed up with a kinetic analysis [72] and [73]. Through this analysis, Le Moguen et al. identified time and concentration-dependent

Tacrolimus (FK506) LDK378 purchase changes in protein levels associated with pathways linked to stress, oxidative stress response, glycolysis, and cell communication [73]. Overall, these initial studies have unravelled potential molecular pathways that become disrupted during chemoresistance. Using this knowledge, specific experiments may be conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying resistance, as the above approaches only provided a global snapshot of platinum-resistance associated proteins. The studies highlighted above employed a qualitative approach to identifying markers of chemoresistance. In order to achieve more accurate protein quantification between different conditions, a few studies have applied labelling techniques as a means to quantify protein expression changes. For instance, isotope labelling via isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) and isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) has also been incorporated into comparative proteomic studies as it allows for easy quantification of proteins between different conditions, which is often completed in fewer MS runs compared to non-labelling approaches. In particular, Shetty et al.