g., left or right outer upper arms). Application sites could vary from cycle to cycle. For COC use, one tablet was taken daily for 21 consecutive days, with each subsequent pack starting after a 7-day,

tablet-free interval. During the washout Selleckchem Tariquidar cycles, subjects were required to use non-hormonal contraception; condoms, spermicide, or diaphragm were permitted, but not the calendar or temperature methods. 2.4 selleck chemical Schedule of Visits The screening visit (visit 1) was performed within 12 weeks prior to the start of the treatment cycle. Before the start of treatment, two washout cycles (1 and 2) were required. Visit 2 took place during washout cycle 2 (days 15–21). Visit 3 took place during treatment cycle 3 (days 15–21) in treatment period 1. Before the next treatment period, another two washout cycles (3 and 4) were required. Visits 4 and 5 took place during washout cycles 3 and 4 (days 15–21), respectively. Visit 6 took place during treatment cycle 6 (days 15–21) in treatment period 2. A follow-up visit took place 21–28 days after the removal of the last patch or intake of the last tablet (see Fig. 1 for an overview). 2.5 Primary and Secondary Variables

The primary objective of this study GW3965 price was to investigate the impact of the two treatments on hemostasis parameters. The primary variables selected as sensitive activation markers for coagulation status were the absolute changes in prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 and d-dimer following three treatment cycles with the novel Bayer patch and COC, respectively. Laboratory assessment of prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 was made using Enzygnost® 1 + 2 (Siemens, Munich, Germany), and d-dimer values were assessed using Asserachrom® d-dimer (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). Secondary variables consisted of (pro)coagulatory parameters (fibrinogen, Factor II, Factor VII, and Factor VIII activity) and anti-coagulatory parameters (anti-thrombin III, protein C, and protein S). APC resistance mafosfamide was determined using COATEST® reagents

(Haemochrom Diagnostica, Essen, Germany). The APC sensitivity ratio was measured by the method described by Rosing et al. [20]. Blood samples were taken after minimal obstruction of the upper arm and immediate release after venepuncture at the forearm. Subjects were required to rest in a supine position and to adhere to a fasting period of at least 12 h prior to the collection of blood samples. The numbers of bleeding and spotting, bleeding-only, and spotting-only days were recorded to determine bleeding pattern, and women kept a daily record of menstrual bleeding intensity. To analyze cycle control, menstrual bleeding was classified as withdrawal bleeding (following scheduled treatment withdrawal), application deviation bleeding (following unscheduled treatment withdrawal), or intracyclic bleeding (other). 2.