However, there have been no reported RCTs that directly compared the overall and renal outcomes prospectively in different phosphate-level arms. Therefore, there is no evidence about the extent to which the phosphate level should be lowered. Recently,

FGF23, a newly-found phosphaturic hormone, has been demonstrated to be a strong GDC-0941 supplier prognostic marker of overall, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes in CKD patients. An increase in the level of FGF23 in the serum is known to precede that of phosphate and is evoked by daily oral phosphorus intake. Accordingly, even within the reference range of phosphate, some CKD patients could be at risk of a phosphate overload and subsequently a poorer outcome. Thus, theoretically it is preferable to keep the level of serum phosphate as low as possible within the reference range in CKD patients. Since there is very little evidence demonstrating the benefit of treatment or modification of diet to achieve lower serum phosphate levels in CKD patients, no recommendation for specific intervention is provided here. More studies are required. Bibliography 1. Block GA, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2208–18. (Level 4)   2. Young EW, et al. Kidney

Int. 2005;67:1179–87. (Level 4)   3. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rapamycin datasheet et al. Kidney Int. 2006;70:771–80. (Level 4)   4. Floege J, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:1948–55. (Level 4)   5. Palmer SC, et al. JAMA. 2011;305:1119–27. (Level 4)   6. Schwarz S, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:825–31. (Level 4)   7. Tangri N, et al. JAMA. 2011;305:1553–9. (Level 4)   8. Voormolen N, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:2909–16. (Level 4)   9. Chue CD, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2576–82. (Level 4)   10. Moore J, et al. Clin Transplant. 2011;25:406–16. (Level 4)   11. Sampaio

MS, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2712–21. (Level 4)   12. Dhingra R, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:879–85. (Level 4)   13. O’Seaghdha CM, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26:2885–90. (Level 4)   14. Isakova T, et al. http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Docetaxel(Taxotere).html Kidney Int. 2011;79:1370–8. (Level 4)   15. Nakano C, et al. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:810–9. (Level 4)   16. Fliser D, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2600–8. (Level 4)   17. Parker BD, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:640–8. (Level 4)   18. Isakova T, et al. JAMA. 2011;305:2432–9. (Level 4)   19. Wolf M, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:956–66. (Level 4)   20. Murtaugh MA, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27:990–6. (Level 4)   21. Kovesdy CP, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:842–51. (Level 4)   Do serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels affect the mortality of patients with CKD? Many studies have demonstrated that phosphate is closely associated with all-cause and CVD mortality. However, the relationship between serum PTH levels and mortality in patients with CKD remains ambiguous.