Nonetheless, the techniques employed in this study allow us only to speculate with regards to the mechanisms involved and the ability of the network to facilitate behavioral recovery and its stability over

time. There are, however, grounds for arguing that the periodicity of the rTMS-mediated daily excitation exerted on the perilesional region may generate Hebbian-type modifications in the synaptic strength of specific connections within postsynaptic targets (such as the ipsilateral superior colliculus or the contralateral posterior parietal regions), similar to those elicited by experience- or activity-dependent plasticity in the adult visuospatial this website system during task learning or consolidation.

In particular, in the current study, excitatory rTMS might have helped perilesional neurons overcome a state of low activity caused by input losses from damaged ipsilesional homotopic sites. Such rearrangements would cause visual inputs access to the system and allow two crucial events: first, a more balanced attentional deployment in space and, second, the subsequent triggering of head- and eye-orienting activity towards static targets which were formerly neglected. Our data clearly show that such adaptive processes were consolidated on a step-by-step basis with the accrual Entinostat research buy of rTMS sessions. Hence these effects could probably be mediated through homeostatic plasticity mechanisms, which might dynamically readjust synaptic strengths and promote local and network stability (Sejnowski, 1977; Abbott & Nelson, 2000). The characteristic features of the rTMS-mediated effects described in this paper, with a slow building process followed by a self-sustained stability, is also compatible with the Thalidomide two-step plasticity hypothesis, predicting that the acquisition of skills by the brain would first operate through the reinforcement of pre-established circuits and then by the formation of new pathways, the former being a necessary requirement for the latter

to occur (Pascual-Leone et al., 2005). At a more cellular level, short- and longer-term molecular modifications such as changes in the subtypes of postsynaptic NMDA or AMPA receptors (Redecker et al., 2002) and expression of neurotrophins (which mainly operate on synaptic plasticity mechanisms, modifying the efficiency of functional connectivity patterns within existing networks) could be held responsible for the initial induction of events by unmasking of existing circuits. This process may be then followed by more energy-costly processes based on collateral sprouting and other structural modifications in local neurons and interneurons, which would remodel the anatomical and functional pathways underlying the behavioral task and lead to a stability of rewired changes (Zito & Svoboda, 2002; Karmarkar & Dan, 2006).