One day after instillation the bladders were removed for histopathology. Edema and vascular

congestion were graded from 0-none to 3-severe. Polymorphonuclear and mast cells were counted. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for statistical analysis.

Results: Intravesical instillation of protamine sulfate in nonnephrectomized rats led to inflammation, in contrast to findings in rats instilled with saline. On the other hand, nephrectomized rats showed no inflammatory changes following the instillation of protamine sulfate or saline. The mast cell count was similar in all groups.

Conclusions: Bladder inflammation in this experimental model of urothelial GSK1838705A order injury was not due to protamine sulfate alone. The association of protamine sulfate and urine was necessary to trigger the inflammatory cascade. Thus, urine indeed has an important role in the development of bladder inflammation in an environment of higher urothelial permeability.”
“Recent studies have reported that smokers tend to be less susceptible to Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is considered to confer a neuroprotective effect. Galantamine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and an allosteric potentiating ligand for nAChRs. However, the

effects of galantamine and nicotine on dopaminergic neurons remain unclear. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of galantamine and nicotine in a rat click here 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced hemiparkinsonian model. 6-OHDA with or without galantamine and/or nicotine were injected into unilateral substantia nigra of rats. Although methamphetamine-stimulated rotational behavior and dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by 6-OHDA were not inhibited by galantamine alone, those were moderately inhibited by nicotine alone. In addition, 6-OHDA-induced neuronal

loss and rotational behavior were synergistically inhibited by co-injection of galantamine and nicotine. These protective next effects were abolished by mecamylamine, an nAChR antagonist. We further found that alpha 7 nAChR was expressed on both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive and TH-immunonegative neurons in the SNpc. A combination of galantamine and nicotine greatly suppressed 6-OHDA-inducecl reduction of TH-immunopositive/alpha 7 nAchR-immunopositive neurons. These results suggest that galantamine synergistically enhances the neuroprotective effect of nicotine against 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss through an allosteric modulation of alpha 7 nAChR activation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Brushite crystallization might be important in stone formation and prevention. To explore this question new methods for the saturation and crystal growth of brushite were devised that are applicable to whole urine without any computer program.