Optimization, especially bio-mimetic strategy-based optimization in WSNs, is a very active research area. Papers published in this area are highly diverse in their approaches and implementations. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no article which provides survey of the area. However, some work has been done addressing the various issues individually (e.g., energy efficiency, QoS or security) and they tend to overlook the whole scenario of collective optimization approach which encompasses these two or three WSN issues. In [6], an extensive survey was done on WSNs taking into account the topic of overall computational intelligence, but with some focus on bio-mimetic strategies. The more recent survey [7] narrowed down its focus to an ant colony optimization (ACO)-based approach to solve several issues in WSNs.

Moreover, in [8] the authors discussed a protocol based on ACO, and two fundamental parameters, QoS and reputation are used. Both works exclude other popular techniques like PSO and GA. In [9], some issues of WSNs have been addressed using only PSO. A number of papers have reported works on energy efficient clustering [10�C13] and prolonging network lifetime [14] in WSNs using PSO.Considering these points, we feel that now is an appropriate time to put recent works into perspective and take a holistic view of the field. This article takes a step in that direction by presenting a survey of the literature in the area of bio-mimetic optimization strategies in WSNs focusing on current, ��state-of-the-art�� research.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of optimization techniques especially used in energy minimization, ensuring security, and managing QoS in WSN applications. Finally, this work points out open research challenges and recommends future research directions.Section 2 presents a brief overview on optimization and Section 3 presents the rationale for optimization in WSN in details. Section 4 provides an overview of existing approaches of bio-mimetic optimizations including hybrid approaches in WSNs. Open research challenges and suggestions for future research directions are presented in Section 5. Finally Section 6 concludes the work and points to areas of potential future work.2.?Optimization Strategies2.1. What is Optimization?Optimization is a term that covers almost all sectors of human life and work; from scheduling of airline routes Carfilzomib to business and finance, and from wireless routing to engineering design.

In fact, almost all research activities in computer science and engineering involve a certain amount of modeling, data analysis, computer simulations, and optimization [15]. In a word, it is an applied science that tries to obtain the related parameter values which facilitate an objective function to produce some minimum or maximum value [2].