plantarum. Under the experimental conditions of this study, bifidobacteria were not detected on duodenal biopsies of T-CD and HC children. Recently, it
was shown that bifidobacteria were present at high levels in duodenal biopsies of CD children at diagnosis and they decreased in T-CD and, especially, in HC [27]. Bifidobacterium species were demonstrated to have species- and strain-specific influence on immunity, and they might exert various effects on T-helper 1 pro-inflammatory response which characterizes CD [17]. Nevertheless, the association between the prevalence of Bifidobacterium species and CD is learn more still debated [27]. Compared to duodenal biopsies, the microbial diversity was larger in faecal samples. If some bands seem to be clearly present only in HC or T-CD duodenal biopsies, on the other hand, this is not so evident in faecal samples very likely because of the high number of bands quite different among all samples. With a few exceptions, PCR-DGGE profiles of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium differed https://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html between faecal samples of T-CD and HC children. Overall, the faecal bacterial population is significantly affected by individuals, diet and CD [9, 10, 20, 21, 27]. As determined by culture-dependent methods, cell densities of the main faecal microbial groups differed
between T-CD and HC children. In agreement with the previous report [10], the ratio between lactic acid bacteria-Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides-Enterobacteria was lower in T-CD compared to HC children. Increased numbers of selleckchem Bacteroides are usually found in faecal samples of children affected by GI inflammatory diseases, including CD [13, 16]. In the present study, lactic acid bacteria were identified and subjected to RAPD-PCR analysis for determining qualitative and quantitative differences between T-CD and HC. E. faecium was the dominant species of both T-CD and HC children. L. plantarum, L. casei and L. rhamnosus were found on faecal samples of both T-CD and HC. Str. macedonicus, Str. pasterianus,
P. pentosaceus and P. acedilactici were only isolated from T-CD. Although the RAPD-PCR and 16S rRNA gene PIK3C2G analyses were successfully applied in this study as well as in others [10, 28], more performing techniques (e.g., species and/or strain specific probes for real time PCR or end-point PCR) [29, 30], would be desirable for a rapid enumeration of live lactic acid bacteria in the human microbiota. Contrarily to the previous study [10], L. fermentum and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were only isolated from faecal samples of T-CD. Recently, it was shown that the prevalence of amplicons of the species L. fermentum was higher in CD compared to HC children [27]. Since lactobacilli are routinely present in fermented foods, some of the differences found in this study could be related to CD, but also to dietary differences [27].