Our preparations included twice the amount of Casitone in the agarose surface as previously published studies [32]. Software for tracking large numbers of cells works well at low cell density because cells are well isolated. This poses a problem to track cells using S-motility because close

cell contact is necessary to stimulate retraction of pili. However, methylcellulose (MC) has been shown to serve as a substitute for cell-cell contact [33]. Therefore, to quantify S-motility of the mgl mutants, videomicroscopy of cells in 0.5% MC and CTPM was used. Under these conditions, WT cells reversed every 15.6 min on average and moved with an average speed of 4.8 μm/min (Additional file 2: Movie WT). PM1 mutants moved at speeds less than 50% of the control in MC (Table 1) and many of the cells APO866 manufacturer exhibited an oscillating motion, a phenotype additionally observed in the ΔmglBA deletion parent in methylcellulose only (Additional file 3: Movie mglBA). For reference, Additional file 5: Movie 4 depicts a strain that has lost both A and S motility through defects in the respective motors in the form of a aglZ – pilA – double mutant, showing that this behavior

is not the DAPT nmr result of Brownian motion. Table 1 Comparison of Gliding Rates and Sporulation for mgl mutants     Gliding on Sporulation     A-motility a S-motility b Percent of WT c Strain Genotype Average Speed in μm/min (Minutes per reversal) selleck chemicals llc   WT DK1622 2.6 (20.7) 4.8 (15.6) 100 ± 20 ΔmglBA DK6204 NM 1.9 (10.3) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA + MxH2419 2.1 (14.8) 5.3 (10.8) 100 ± 6 ΔmglBA+mglBA G19A MxH2445 NM 2.7 (11.8) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA G21V MxH2361 NM 2.8 (11.8) 0.01 ± 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA L22V MxH2359 1.9 (20.6) 3.8 (12.0)

15 ± 4 ΔmglBA+mglBA K25A MxH2430 NM 2.7 (10.5) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA T26N MxH2410 NM 1.4 (11.3) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA D52A MxH2408 NM 1.1 (10.3) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA T54A MxH2406 NM 2.0 (10.3) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA T78A MxH2247 0.7 (15.5) 3.0 (11.5) 15 ± 3 ΔmglBA+mglBA T78S MxH2248 Thalidomide 1.4 (21.8) 2.7 (7.8) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA T78D MxH2432 NM NM 0.1 ± 0.0 ΔmglBA+mglBA P80A MxH2357 NM NM 20 ± 6 ΔmglBA+mglBA Q82A MxH2320 NM 2.0 (8.0) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA Q82R MxH2319 NM 1.8 (10.3) 0.01 ± 0.0 ΔmglBA+mglBA L117/L120A MxH2339 NM 1.4 (9.7) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA L124K MxH2279 3.6 (8.4) 5.0 (7.6) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA N141A MxH2338 NM 1.8 (9.8) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA K142A MxH2365 NM 2.5 (10.2) < 0.01 ΔmglBA+mglBA D144A MxH2367 NM 1.6 (10.6) < 0.01 WT + mglBA + MxH2375 2.1 (9.7) 8.9 (16.0) 40 ± 10.0 WT + mglB + MxH2391 2.3 (20.0) 6.6 (15.0) 40 ± 10.0 WT+mglBA G19A MxH2431 1.3 (20.8) 4.0 (19.7) 10 ± 0.6 WT+mglBA G21V MxH2360 2.1 (18.2) 5.2 (15.3) 100 ± 12 WT+mglBA L22V MxH2358 1.8 (15.3) 7.6 (17.5) 2 ± 1.5 WT+mglBA K25A MxH2429 1.8 (21.3) 5.2 (13.6) 60 ± 15 WT+mglBA T26N MxH2409 1.9 (21.0) 8.3 (12.5) < 0.