The Khatri population was chosen because of its relatively higher prevalence of diabetes as compared to other Sikh castes. Khatri Sikhs are more affluent and live in cities and are traders by profession. In general, Sikhs do not smoke for religious and cultural reasons and about 50% of the study participants are life-long vegetarians. A total of 1,115 individuals www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-258.html from 338 families were extensively phenotyped [13]. DNA samples of 870 individuals (526 male/344 female) comprising 685 T2D cases and 185 normal glucose tolerant (NGT) relatives were successfully genotyped and used in this investigation. The T2D cases were 25 years or older and mean age at the time of recruitment (mean �� standard deviation [SD]) was 54.2��11.0 years. Average age of unaffected relative was 46.0��14.

7 years with a minimum age of 19 years. Only individuals who reported that all four grandparents were Khatri Sikhs of North Indian origin, who had Khatri surnames, and who spoke the Punjabi language were included. In addition, probands were required to have two or more full siblings with diabetes, or at least one living parent, and more than two siblings available for sampling. Excluded from the sample were half-siblings, adopted individuals, and individuals of South, East and Central Indian origin; individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or a family member with T1D; individuals with rare forms of T2D such as maturity-onset diabetes of young (MODYs), or secondary diabetes (e.g., due to hemochromatosis or pancreatitis). Clinical characteristics of the SDS participants used for this investigation are summarized in Table 1.

All blood samples were obtained at the baseline visit. All participants provided a written consent following an informed consent procedures approved by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). All SDS protocols and consent documents were reviewed and approved by the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC) (IRB # 13302, approved till August 31, 2011) and the University of Pittsburgh (IRB # 021234) as well as the Human Subject Protection (Ethical) committees at the participating hospitals and institutes in India. The Ethical committees of local institutions in India were Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, and Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar. Each Institute in India also separately obtained Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) from the Office of Human Research Protection (OHRP) from the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

All the key investigators and key personnel working for SDS obtained online training for Human Participant Protection Education for Research. Table 1 Characteristics of Study Population Stratified by Gender and Disease (Mean �� SD). SDS Families A total Carfilzomib of 557 families were investigated and 236 families were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria for the study.