The same structures also were present in rapidly frozen, freeze-substituted material that has been embedded in resin. The results presented in this preliminary account are derived from monospecies biofilms, grown in the laboratory under artificial conditions. Biofilms produced in situ, either in the environment or in medical specimens, usually consist of more than one species

or subspecies, sometimes making up highly complex microbial communities. The extracellular ultrastructures of such multispecies biofilms could differ from that of the monospecies model biofilms studied here by forming a more heterogeneous matrix, or by providing substrates for catabolic processes in other species. Therefore, it is possible that the observed high degree of matrix organization could be the result of growing pure cultures under constant conditions and may not be as pronounced in the environment. More research on multispecies Decitabine mouse biofilms observed in vitro as well as those taken directly Nutlin-3 nmr from natural environments is required to thoroughly address this important issue. The biofilms were characterized in terms of their overall chemical composition (Table 1) and were found to consist primarily (up to 49% wt) of proteins, reflecting the typical dry weight composition

of E. coli cells under balanced growth conditions [39]. Polysaccharides were found to make up a smaller fraction of the biofilm mass (ca. 15% wt), and were of the magnitude expected in a vegetative bacterial cell. These results are atypical for EPS produced by Pseudomonads, which generally have a higher sugar-protein ratio. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sorafenib price is considered a model organism for biofilm research and consequently has been studied intensively within this context [40]. The EPS of P. aeruginosa SG81 consists primarily of uronic acids (alignate) and proteins, in roughly a 2:1 ratio (by

weight, sugar-protein) [41]. Marcotte et al. reported sugar-protein weight ratios of 0.79 for P. aeruginosa, where-as the intracellular sugar-protein weight ratios for two P. aeruginosa strains were in the 0.27–0.36 range [29]. It should be noted that the biofilms in these studies were processed by different methods to those described here. The comparison of sugar-protein ratios, however, still is relevant and underscores the difference in chemical composition of the biofilms produced by these related Pseudomonads. Alginates in biofilm EPS have been implicated in the development and maintenance of the mechanical stability of biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa both on living and abiotic surfaces [42]. The lack of observed O- or N-acetylation in the biofilm samples analyzed here also is noteworthy, as these groups are common components of biofilm EPS produced by Pseudomonas spp. [28]. Total nucleic acid levels in the biofilm (ca. 5% wt) were one order of magnitude higher than corresponding DNA measurements (ca. 0.5% wt).