The SDF-1 alpha plus VEGF group showed significantly increased local accumulation of EPCs, blood-flow recovery, and capillary density compared with the other groups. The ratio of ischemic/normal blood flow in Td/V-EPCs plus SDF-1 alpha group was significantly higher (P < .01), as was capillary density (capillaries/mm(2)), an index of neovascularization (Td/V-EPCs plus SDF-1 alpha group, 863 31; no treatment, 395 +/- 13; SDF-1 Vadimezan ic50 alpha, 520 +/- 29; Td/p-EPCs, 448 +/- 28; Td/p-EPCs plus SDF-1 alpha.,

620 +/- 29; Td/V-EPCs, 570 +/- 30; P < .01). To investigate a possible mechanistic basis, we showed that VEGF up-regulated the receptor for SDF-1 alpha, CXCR4, on EM in Nitro.

Conclusion: The combination of SDF-1 alpha and VEGF greatly increases EPC-mediated angiogenesis. The use VEGF and SDF-1 alpha together, rather than alone, will be a novel and efficient angiogenesis strategy to provide therapeutic neovascularization. (J Vase Surg 2009;50:608-16.)”
“OBJECTIVE: selleck Although a dural or intramedullary arteriovenous fistula involving the conus medullaris and fed by the lateral sacral artery has been reported, a case of perimedullary fistula arising from an artery in the filum terminale has not been described in the literature. The authors report the first case of perimedullary

arteriovenous fistula located in the filum terminale.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 61-year-old man presented with a 10-year history of leg pain. Thoracolumbar magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed multiple perimedullary signal voids from T10 to L3. Angiography showed engorged perimedullary veins and a fistula fed by the anterior spinal artery from the right ninth segmental

artery and by 2 branches of the left lateral sacral artery. The anterior spinal artery was also regarded as the artery of the filum terminale.

INTERVENTION: Transarterial embolization was performed to occlude the feeders from GABA Receptor the left lateral sacral artery, and an L5 total laminectomy was subsequently performed to obliterate residual fistulous material from the artery of the filum terminale. The thickened, yellowish filum, surrounded by tortuous, engorged veins, was coagulated and resected. Postoperatively, the patient’s symptoms gradually resolved and were not aggravated during long periods of walking.

CONCLUSION: It must be noted that a fistula can be located in the filum terminale and can be successfully treated using multidisciplinary approaches.”
“Objective: It has been suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) plays a role in the pathogenesis of vein graft spasms. It is suggested that smooth muscle 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors contribute to 5-HT-induced contraction, while endothelial 5-HT1B, receptors contribute to the 5-HT-induced endothelium-mediated relaxation.