Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) was transformed with pET6786-His6. The transformed

cells were grown aerobically in 5 mL Panobinostat cost of LB medium containing ampicillin (100 μg mL−1) at 37 °C until A600 nm reached 0.8. The culture was then added to 200 mL of the same medium, and the inoculated cells were grown at 37 °C for 12 h. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 8400 g for 10 min at 4 °C, and then washed with 0.9% NaCl and stored at −20 °C. The transformed cells (1 g, w/w) were suspended in 10 mL of buffer A (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, containing 0.3 M NaCl and 0.1% 2-mercaptoethanol), and then sonicated on ice five times for 1 min at 2-min intervals, using a model W-220 sonicator (Heat Systems Ultrasonics, Farmingdale, NY). The supernatant was obtained by centrifugation at 10 000 g for 30 min at 4 °C. The precipitated cells were resuspended with buffer A and sonicated again. The supernatants were combined and used as the crude extract (18 mL). The crude extract was applied to a column containing 2 mL of Ni-NTA-affinity resin equilibrated with buffer A. The column was consecutively washed with 3 mL (each) of buffer A containing 20, 50, 100, and 250 mM imidazole. The Mll6786-His6 protein was eluted with the buffer

containing 100 mM imidazole. The activities of the enzymes were determined at 30 °C as described previously in the references given above. One unit of an enzyme is defined as the amount of the enzyme that Dapagliflozin chemical structure catalyzed the formation of 1 nmol of the product min−1. Protein concentrations were measured by the protein-dye method with bovine serum albumin as a standard (Bradford, 1976). In the cluster of genes, a promoter region Resminostat deduced with Neural Network Promoter Prediction (http://www.fruitfly.org/seq_tools/promoter.html) was found in the DNA sequence between mll6786 and mlr6787. Three biotin-labeled DNA probes incorporating parts of this region and some

of the 3′ end of the mll6786 gene (Fig. 3a) were prepared by PCR using the chromosome of M. loti as a template, and primer GSA-Biotin-R with primers GSA-321-F, GSA-135-F, and GSA-68-F, respectively, for the gel shift assaying. A biotin-free 135-bp DNA probe was prepared with GSA-135-F and GSA-R as primers. The PCR conditions were essentially the same as those given previously (Yokochi et al., 2006). Typical 10-μL (total volume) reaction mixtures contained the binding buffer (32.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, containing 25 mM NaCl, 50 mM KCl, 0.25 mM EDTA, 0.25 mM dithiothreitol, 0.2% Tween 20, and 10% glycerol), 7.4 nM labeled DNA, 20 ng of poly(dA-dT), and the purified PyrR at the concentrations indicated. After the mixture had been incubated at room temperature for 30 min, a sample was loaded onto a 3.75% polyacrylamide gel in 0.5× TBE (45 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 45 mM sodium borate, 1 mM EDTA). Samples were run at a constant 100 V for 0.5 h, and then the gel was subjected to blotting on a Hybond-N nylon membrane.