Therefore, its application is mainly suitable for Sanders Type I, II, and III fractures, Ruxolitinib order simple tongue-type fractures, compression fractures and shearing fractures; it is better for patients with brittle soft tissue or with medical conditions such as diabetes that can hinder surgery with common incisions, etc. 14 In short, the fixation method of the small butterfly-shaped plate and small incision has many advantages such as less invasive procedure, high reliability, easier operation, facilitation of early postoperative exercises, fewer complications, etc., which was consistent with the concept and purpose of the minimally invasive surgery. The authors would recommend this method as a treatment of choice for Sanders Type II and Type III intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus, provided there is careful selection of cases and sufficient preparation for surgery.

Reduction and Fixation Skills during Operation We encourage sufficient preoperative preparation to have an accurate idea of the extent and type of fracture, dislocation and number of bone fragments before determining the surgical method. The location of the small incision has to be carefully calculated so that the exposure will not damage the sural cutaneous nerve, the peroneus longus tendon, or the peroneus brevis tendon. The anatomical reduction of the articular surface of the calcaneus should be performed as close as possible, and the gap and displacement on the reduced fracture should not exceed 1 mm. Testing had proved that a 1-2 mm displacement on the posterior articular surface would lead to remarkable changes in the load pattern and contact characteristics at the subtalar joint.

15 The 5-hole plate should be placed in an appropriate position so that the bone fragments of the calcaneal tuberosity can be securely attached to the sustentaculum tali. The key is the reduction of the collapse of the posterior articular surface, the strong attachment of the tongue-type fragments or posterior fragments to the sustentaculum tali and also the reduction and fixation of the anterior lateral fragments to prevent valgus deformity and other disorders after surgery. Footnotes Acta Ortop Bras. [online]. 2012;20(6):324-8. Available from URL: http://www.scielo.br/aob. Study conducted at the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Scoliosis is taken to mean every lateral deviation of the spine by more than 10�� in radiographs taken in the frontal plane, consisting of a three-dimensional deformity that compromises the cardiorespiratory system as well as the musculoskeletal system, and can lead to severe abnormalities. Approximately 10% of cases of curve progression require surgical intervention, AV-951 1 whereas Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is the most frequent of all scoliosis types, mainly affecting female patients aged between 10 and 16 years, 2 with a prevalence of about 2 to 4% of the population.