This familial association is not well explained by the currently recognized genetic defects; GRN mutations are not associated with significant motor neuron deficits, while patients carrying mutations in SOD1, TARDBP, or FUS are rarely affected by FTD. Linkage analysis in several autosomal-dominant families in which affected members develop either ALS or FTD or both, and where

the pathology is consistently TDP positive, have suggested a major locus for FTD/ALS on chromosome 9p21. Combined data defined a minimum linkage region of 3.7 Mb, containing only five known genes ( Boxer et al., 2011, Gijselinck et al., 2010, Le Ber et al., 2009, Luty et al., 2008, Morita et al., 2006, Pearson et al., 2011, Valdmanis

Ribociclib cost et al., 2007 and Vance et al., 2006). Importantly, the same chromosomal region has been identified in several large independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of both ALS and FTD, implicating the genetic defect at chromosome 9p in sporadic forms of both diseases ( Laaksovirta et al., 2010, Shatunov et al., 2010, Van Deerlin et al., 2010 and van Pictilisib in vitro Es et al., 2009). Furthermore, the associated “risk” haplotype has been the same in all ALS and FTD populations studied and has also recently been shown to be present in all affected members of several 9p-linked FTD/ALS families ( Mok et al., 2011). Our collaborative first group from the University of British Columbia (UBC), the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), and the Mayo Clinic Rochester (MCR) previously reported a large autosomal-dominant FTD/ALS kindred named VSM-20 for “Vancouver, San Francisco, and Mayo family 20,” with conclusive linkage to chromosome 9p (maximum two-point LOD-score, 3.01) (Boxer et al.,

2011). Postmortem evaluation of three affected members showed a combination of FTLD-TDP and ALS with TDP-immunoreactive pathology (Figure 1). Previous extensive sequencing of all exons and exon-intron boundaries of the genes within the candidate region did not identify the disease causing mutation in this family. Here, we provide evidence that disease in family VSM-20 is caused by an expanded hexanucleotide repeat in a noncoding region of chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) and that this repeat expansion is the most common cause of familial FTD and ALS identified to date. In the process of sequencing the non-coding region of C9ORF72, we detected a polymorphic GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat (g.26724GGGGCC(3_23) in the reverse complement of AL451123.12 starting at nt 1), located between noncoding C9ORF72 exons 1a and 1b. Fluorescent fragment-length analysis of this region in samples from members of family VSM-20 resulted in an aberrant segregation pattern.