We selected 5 known tumor-related genes i.e., K-ras, c-MYC, DNMT1, Tpd52, CDKN1b for PCR confirmation [Figure 3]. It is known that genetic

alterations may contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Point mutation of K-ras (occurring in 40% of sporadic CRCs) is an established predictor of absence of response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) -targeted agents [24, DMXAA mouse 25]. Hutchins [26] reported that KRAS mutant tumors were more evenly distributed: 40% right colon, 28% left colon, and 36% rectal tumors compared to BRAF mutant tumors. Meanwhile, the relationship between Folic acid and KRAS has been studied. Some suggested that the effect of folate on rectal cancer risk is different to men and women which may depend on the status of K-ras mutation of tumors. They

believed that folate intake was related to a decreased risk of G > A transitions (RR-0.08, buy PD98059 95% CI = 0.01-0.53) while an inversely risk of G > T and G > C transversions in tumors (RR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.43-5.09)[27]. Figure 3 Differentially expressed genes validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). We used 18s rRNA as an internal control. Relative mRNA expression was calculated according to the 2-ΔΔT method. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of 10 samples. The significance of the varieties between the average values of groups DMH and FA3 was analyzed through student’s t-t test. (*: P < 0.05, between FA3 and DMH group) CDKN1b (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Lck 1B, FC = 7.992979) which is also known as p27 encodes a protein which belongs to the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor proteins [28] It is often considered as a cell cycle inhibitor protein because its major function is to control the cell cycle progression at G1 phase so that can prevent the development of cancer. Reduced p27 levels were found in different cancerous stages in hepatocelluar carcinomas [29]. Some studies demonstrated that

loss of p27 expression is associated with a higher response rate to CRC chemo-therapy [30]. The p27KIP1 null (-/-) mouse shows a significant increase in cell proliferation, resulting in approximately 30% increase in mass size, multiple organ hyperplasia [31]. Together, these researches supported p27 as an important tumor suppressor and suggest that events leading to p27 upregulation may inhibit the tumor progression. The methylation of genomic DNA in malignant cells is catalyzed by DNA methytransferases(DNMT)which include maintenance DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1), DNMT1, de novo DNA methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and 3b), 3a/3b. DNA methylation is an important form of epigenetic that can regulate some gene expression such as c-Myc, CDKN2a, CDH1 and VDR et al [32–34].