Where there is non-concordance between TE and a blood panel test, a liver biopsy is indicated [65]. We recommend all non-immune HIV-infected individuals are immunised against HAV and HBV (1A). We recommend the 40 μg (double dose) strength of HBV vaccine should be used in HIV-infected patients (1A) and given at months 0, 1, 2 and 6 (1B). We suggest an accelerated vaccination schedule (three single [20 μg]

doses given over 3 weeks at 0, 7–10 and 21 days) be considered only in selected patients with CD4 counts > 500 cells/μL where there is an imperative need to ensure rapid completion of vaccination and/or where compliance with a full course is doubtful (2B). We recommend anti-HBs levels should be measured 4–8 weeks after Ganetespib clinical trial the last vaccine dose (1B). Vaccine recipients with anti-HBs < 10 IU/L should be offered three further 40 μg doses of vaccine, given at monthly intervals with retesting of anti-HBs recommended 4–8 weeks after the final vaccine dose (2B). We suggest vaccine recipients with an anti-HBs

response > 10 but < 100 IU/L should be offered one additional 40 μg dose of vaccine and the response checked 4–8 weeks later (2B). We recommend a booster (40 μg) dose of vaccine should be offered to those whose anti-HBs levels have declined to < 10 IU/L (1C). We recommend patients who are unable to develop an antibody response to vaccine or in whom anti-HBs levels have fallen below 10 IU/L continue to be screened for HBsAg as there remains a risk of infection. We recommend following successful immunisation, the anti-HBs level should be measured regularly. Roxadustat The frequency of screening for anti-HBs should be guided

by the anti-HBs level measured after vaccination: every year for levels between 10 IU/L and 100 IU/L and every 2 years for higher levels. Proportion of HAV and HBV non-immune patients who are immunised Proportion with anti-HBs levels < 10 IU/L selleck kinase inhibitor post-primary vaccination offered three further 40 μg doses at one-month intervals Proportion with anti-HBs levels between 10–100 IU/L post-primary course of vaccine offered one further 40 μg dose of vaccine Proportion with successful HBV immunisation receiving annual or bi-annual anti-HBs screening Proportion following successful HBV vaccination receiving a booster dose of vaccine when anti-HBS levels fall below 10 IU/L In a systematic review and meta-analysis of five studies, an increased-dose HBV vaccination schedule improved anti-HBs response rates compared to standard-dose HBV vaccination (OR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.47, 2.61) with separate randomised trial data demonstrating improved serological response with four-dose regimens [67–71]. An accelerated course (three doses given at 0, 1 and 3 weeks) of low-dose vaccine was non-inferior to a standard course (three doses given at months 0, 1 and 6) only in those with CD4 counts above 500 cells/μL with no data existing for a similar schedule using double-dose vaccine [72].