However, all of us clearly know that this amount of blood corresponds to a depletion of about 200 mg of iron, and that repetitive donation may lead to iron deficiency with or without anemia. The problem Panobinostat molecular weight of iron deficiency

without anemia (IDWA) is a difficult one [10], [11] and [12]. Nevertheless, it should be addressed by physicians involved in blood collection. Inversely, blood donation is an accepted approach to control iron overload, if the patient corresponds to the many criteria that are in place to select blood donors. Therefore, the ultimate development will be the production of “ironomic” tools that will allow us to rapidly identify who are the individuals able to produce enough red blood cells without developing Onalespib datasheet iron deficiency after blood donation, or inversely, who will be protected from iron toxicity by regular blood donation. Iron deficiency anemia is a well-known disorder with guidelines clearly establishing assessment, investigation and treatment [13]. It is a major health problem, and iron deficiency anemia ranks number 15 when evaluated in terms of DALYs (disability-adjusted life-years) [14]. IDWA is still a controversial subject particularly regarding

its clinical impact and physiological consequences. Iron deficiency affects not only erythropoiesis but also cellular functions involving the immune system, neurotransmitters, DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function [15]. Muscle function, fatigue and effect on attention and cognition are classic features of iron deficiency anemia even though a recent meta-analysis showed a modest effect of iron supplementation on attention and concentration [16]. However most studies included in this meta-analysis

were underpowered. In the absence of anemia the association between fatigue and IDWA is still unclear particularly considering the effectiveness of iron supplementation. This question is important considering the high prevalence of iron deficiency without anemia in a French study [17] and in the United States [18]. Several randomized control Ixazomib trials have shown a positive effect of iron supplementation on fatigue [10], [12] and [19]. However, the difficulty of blinding is an important issue because of the effect of iron on stool color. Administering intravenous iron in a placebo controlled randomized clinical trial is probably the best design and Krayenbühl et al. in a subgroup analysis have shown an improvement in fatigue in IDWA women (ferritin below 15 μg/L). However the study with 90 participants was too underpowered to show a statistically significant effect on the whole group (ferritin below 50 μg/L). Furthermore the question of improving quality of life is still an unsolved issue. A new ongoing multicenter randomized controlled trial with intravenous iron not yet published but presented in a conference showed a positive effect on fatigue and quality of life [20].