In order to check the effect of the pellicle on the EUV patterning, aerial image simulation including the meshed pellicle is performed. We found that the overall transmission drop caused

by the pellicle structure might change the line width even though the contrast of the aerial image remained almost the same. The aerial images of 16 nm 1 : 1 line and space pattern with various pellicle structures are studied to see the effect of the meshed pellicle variables. Smaller mesh height and width, and larger mesh pitch of the pellicle support are preferred since transmission is better. (C) 2014 The Japan MI-503 Society of Applied Physics”
“Psoriasis is a common, chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects the scalp more commonly than any other site. Scalp psoriasis causes significant psychosocial disability as it is highly visible

and can, on occasion, extend onto the face. Furthermore, current treatment regimens are messy, time consuming and, in some instances, ineffective, leading to a high level of non-compliance. The majority of current evidence for topical treatments learn more for this condition comes from open-label, uncontrolled studies. From such studies, there are data to support the use of topical corticosteroids in a number of different formulations and topical vitamin D analogues. However, these studies have not addressed issues such as the need for keratolytics, which may be required to remove adherent scale before a topical corticosteroid or

vitamin D analogue may prove efficacious. There is an urgent need for well designed, controlled trials to assess the efficacy of existing and new treatment regimens for scalp psoriasis. The aim of this review is to critically assess the relative effectiveness and tolerability of available topical therapies for this problematic condition and provide recommendations for selection of treatment.”
“Whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning involves the assimilation of carbon in leaves and its translocation to nonphotosynthetic A-1210477 research buy tissues. This process is fundamental to plant growth and development, but its regulation is poorly understood. To identify genes controlling carbohydrate partitioning, we isolated mutants that are defective in exporting fixed carbon from leaves. Here we describe psychedelic (psc), a new mutant of maize (Zea mays) that is perturbed in carbohydrate partitioning. psc mutants exhibit stable, discrete chlorotic and green regions within their leaves. psc chlorotic tissues hyperaccumulate starch and soluble sugars, while psc green tissues appear comparable to wild-type leaves. The psc chlorotic and green tissue boundaries are usually delineated by larger veins, suggesting that translocation of a mobile compound through the veins may influence the tissue phenotype. psc mutants display altered biomass partitioning, which is consistent with reduced carbohydrate export from leaves to developing tissues.