CDK inhibitor Percentage of apoptotic cells is shown ± SD of two independent experiments. (E) SKBR3 and U373 cells were treated with Zn-curc (100 μM) for 24 h. Equal amount of total cell extracts were subjected to immunoblot with anti-PARP (cleaved form, 87 Kd) or

anti-β-actin antibodies. (F) RKO cells were treated with Zn-curc (100 μM), ZnCl2 (100 μM) or adryamicin (ADR, 2 μg/ml) for 24 h. Equal amount of total cell extracts were subjected to immunoblot with anti-γH2AX (phopho-Ser139) or anti-β-actin antibodies. Zinc-curc reactivates p53-DNA binding and transactivation activities To determine if the cell death and DNA damage induced by Zn-curc were correlated to reactivation of wild-type p53 RNA Synthesis inhibitor activity, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses. The results revealed the ability of Zn-curc to restore p53-DNA binding activity to wild-type target gene promoters, including p21, PUMA, p53AIP1, and MDM2, to the detriment of mtp53-activated promoters, such as MDR1 and Selleckchem Fosbretabulin cyclin B1[23, 24] (Figure 2A). We also performed ChIP analyses using the p73 antibody because one of the mtp53 oncogenic characteristics is binding of the family member p73 with inactivation of p73 pro-apoptotic function

[24, 25]. Parallel to p53 results, ChIP analyses revealed that the p73 recruitment onto target promoters was induced after Zn-curc treatment, mirroring that of reactivated mt/wtp53 (Figure 2A). Carbachol These results corroborate the findings that mtp53 can control molecules such as cyclin B1 and p73 that regulate, respectively, cell cycle progression and apoptosis, supporting its pro-tumorigenic effect. Figure 2 Zn-curc restores wild-type p53-DNA binding and transactivating activities. (A) SKBR3 and U373 cells (6×106) were plated in 150 mm dish and the day after treated with Zn-curc (100 μM) for 16 h before assayed for chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP) with anti-p53 or anti-p73 antibodies. PCR analyses were performed on the immunoprecipitated DNA samples using primers specific for wtp53 target gene promoters (p21, Puma, p53AIP1, MDM2) or

for mtp53 target promoters (MDR1, cyclin B2). A sample representing linear amplification of the total chromatin (Input) was included as control. Additional controls included immunoprecipitation performed with non-specific immunogloblulins (No Ab). (B) Cells (3×105) were plated at subconfluence in 60 mm dish and the day after treated with Zn-curc for 24/48 h. p53 target genes were detected by RT-PCR analysis. Gene expression was measured by densitometry and plotted as fold of mRNA expression over control (Mock), normalized to β-actin levels, ±SD. (C) SKBR3 and U373 cells were plated at subconfluence in 60 mm dish and the day after treated with Zn-curc (100 μM) for 24 h, with or without p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) (30 μM).