This result suggests that the highly diverse trace elements found Selleckchem Momelotinib in DOM are responsible for its anti-atherogenic

capabilities and have significant physiological effects on terrestrial animals. It is possible the surface waters of the oceans where sunlight is permeable are devoid of these important trace elements as a result of the photosynthetic activity of many marine organisms [8]. Due to environmental limitations marine and terrestrial organisms rely on different nutritive sources to maintain life [9]. Paleobiological evidence, however, strongly suggests terrestrial life evolved from marine ancestor [10]. Although sharing common cellular constituents with marine organisms, terrestrial survivors had to acquire alternative nutritive sources from the land to compensate for the loss associated with ancient sea-to-land migration. We proposed that if deep oceans contain the Fedratinib evolutionary preferred constituents for terrestrial descendents, DOM supplementation can be complementary to achieve the best biological EPZ015938 clinical trial complexity for land animals. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a human study in which we determined the time required for physical performance to recover after a dehydrating exercise when desalinated DOM or placebo drink was supplied for rehydration. Methods Subjects Subjects taking alcohol, medication,

or nutritional supplements were excluded from the study. Twelve healthy male volunteers (age 24 ± 0.8 y; height 171.8 ±1.5 cm; weight 68.2 ±2.3 kg; VO2max 49.7 ± 2.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1) were enrolled as participants in the study. Baseline VO2max were measured 72 h before the beginning of the study. Written informed consent was obtained after explanation of the purpose and experimental procedures of the study. This study was approved by the appropriate university Institutional Review Boards and performed in accordance with principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Drink The desalinated DOM, taken from the

West Pacific Ocean (662 meters in depth), was kindly provided by Taiwan Yes Deep Ocean Water Co., Ltd. (Hualien, Taiwan). DOM was filtered by a micro-filter (removal of microorganism) ZD1839 and an ultra-filter (removal of macromolecule and virus) before use. Molecules sized above 1.5 KD were removed after the two filtration procedures. To mask the taste difference between DOM and placebo, the same amount of sucrose, artificial flavors, citrate, citrus juice, calcium lactate, potassium chloride, vitamin C, and mixed amino acids was added to each. Tap water purified by reverse osmosis process was used for making the placebo drink. Experimental design An exercise-challenge protocol used by Nose et al. was modified for this study [11].