Similar reactivity was seen for each of the four recombinant P1 protein fragments, thereby suggesting that the immunodominant regions are distributed across the entire length of P1 protein. Figure 4 Recombinant P1 protein fragments are recognized by anti- M. pneumoniae antibody and by sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients. (A) (I)

Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE analysis of purified M. pneumoniae SYN-117 in vitro P1 protein fragments; rP1-I, rP1-II, rP1-III and rP1-IV. Immuno blot analysis of purified P1 protein fragments; rP1-I, rP1-II, rP1-III and rP1-IV using anti-M. pneumoniae antibody (II) and using pooled sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients (III). (B) Immuno blot analysis of purified M. pneumoniae P1 protein fragments rP1-I, rP1-II, rP1-III and rP1-IV with several sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients. PM: Prestained protein marker; PC: positive control; NC: Negative control; mTOR inhibitor Numbers over the blot indicate serial number of sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients tested for these experiments.

Figure 5 Comparative ELISA analysis of recombinant P1 protein fragments with sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients. Reactivity of purified M. pneumoniae P1 proteins fragments with 25 sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients by ELISA (A), with 16 healthy patient sera (B) and average values of both A &B (C). Number on top of column indicates serial number of sera of M. pneumoniae infected patients tested for these experiments. M. pneumoniae adhesion and surface exposure assays reveal that P1-I and P1-IV regions are surface exposed. For the adhesion assay,

HEp-2 cells were infected with M. pneumoniae and methanol fixed before exposing them with each of the four find more anti-P1 antibodies; Pab (rP1-I), Pab (rP1-II), Pab (rP1-III), and Pab (rP1-IV) antibody. The bound antibodies were detected with an FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin. As shown in Figure 6 (A-E), Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showed that the antibodies, Pab (rP1-I and Pab (rP1-IV were able to identify M. pneumoniae bound to the HEp-2 cells, while other two antibodies, Pab (rP1-II) and Pab (rP1-III) failed to identify the bound organism 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to HEp-2 cells. Figure 6 IFM adhesion assay of M. pneumoniae (A-E). The M. pneumoniae attached to the HEp-2 cells were detected by either anti-M. pneumoniae antibody or antibodies rose in rabbits. The detecting antibodies were added after fixation with methanol. (A) anti-M. pneumoniae antibody (positive control), (B) Pab (rP1-I), (C) Pab (rP1-II), (D) Pab (rP1-III), (E) Pab (rP1-IV). IFM surface exposure assay of M. pneumoniae (F-J). In this assay the detecting antibodies were added before the methanol fixation. (F) anti-M. pneumoniae antibody (positive control), (G) Pab (rP1-I), (H) Pab (rP1-II), (I) Pab (rP1-III), (J) Pab (rP1-IV). Negative controls: (K) mycoplasmas alone (Without Pabs), (L) Pabs alone (Without mycoplasmas). Bar, 2 μm. To detect the accessibility of the antibodies on the surface of the cytadhering M.

0 mm) and the SE R , which together with SE A  + SE R are shown in Figure 6b. It can be seen that the SE T increased p38 MAPK signaling pathway from 24 dB in the low frequencies to 39 dB at 18 GHz. The contribution to the SE T was mainly from the reflection in the low frequency range and from the absorption in the high range. The EMI shielding efficiency is attributed to the formation of conducting interconnected nanofiber networks in an insulating paraffin wax matrix that will interact with the incident

radiation and lead to the high shielding effectiveness. Conclusions The pyrolysis of bacterial cellulose led to the formation of a unique interconnected web-like network of carbon nanoribbons, and this was used to fabricate carbon-matrix composites. These composites had remarkable imaginary permittivities and huge loss VS-4718 tangents and thus good attenuating properties. The web-like networks were very check details helpful for increasing the dielectric loss. The electromagnetic properties could be optimized by manipulating the bacterial nanoribbons by doping or surface modification; and thus, the RL and SE T could be further improved. Based on these properties, and taking into account its other advantages, such as its light weight, easy processability, high mechanical strength, and good dispersion in the matrices, such CBC has the potential to be as an effective EMI shielding material and microwave

absorber. Acknowledgements We thank Prof. C. H. Pei for the helpful discussions and Dr. J. S. Liu for the technical assistance. This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (no. 2011CB612212), the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University (no. MCET-11-1061), and the Open Project of State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials (no. 11zxfk26) of 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl China. References 1. Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, Heer WA: Carbon nanotubes–the route toward applications. Science 2002,297(5582):787–792.CrossRef 2. Watts PCP, Hsu WK, Barnes A, Chambers B: High permittivity

from defective multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the X-band. Adv Mater 2003,15(7–8):600–603.CrossRef 3. Yang YL, Gupta MC, Dudley KL, Lawrence RW: Conductive carbon nanofiber-polymer foam structures. Adv Mater 2005,17(16):1999–2003.CrossRef 4. Tang N, Zhong W, Au C, Yang Y, Han M, Lin K: Synthesis, microwave electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties of twin carbon nanocoils. J Phys Chem C 2008,112(49):19316–19323.CrossRef 5. Liu XG, Ou ZQ, Geng DY, Han Z, Jiang JJ, Liu W: Influence of a graphite shell on the thermal and electromagnetic characteristics of FeNi nanoparticles. Carbon 2010,48(3):891–897.CrossRef 6. Wang G, Gao Z, Tang S, Chen C, Duan F, Zhao S, Lin S, Feng Y, Zhou L, Qin Y: Microwave absorption properties of carbon nanocoils coated with highly controlled magnetic materials by atomic layer deposition. ACS Nano 2012,6(12):11009–11017. 7.

Peaks below a fluorescence threshold level of 50 were excluded except where a clear trend of same t-RF was detected in other

samples. Estimation of relative quantity of P. phosphoreum was done by calculating the ratio of its peak area to the total peak area generated in the chromatogram. Statistical analysis of t-RFLP profiles The relative abundance of each t-RF in the profile was calculated by dividing the respective peak area of each t-RF with the Selleck Trichostatin A total peak area generated between 50-600 base pairs. The profiles from different combinations of labelled primers and restriction enzymes were all combined in one dataset for principal component analysis (PCA) to enhance the analytical power of the model. PCA of t-RFLP profiles from different fish samples was performed using the Unscrambler version 9.5 (Camo ASA, Oslo, Norway). The data was not Ku-0059436 weighed in order to maintain the ability of t-RFLP to quantitatively discriminate between peaks, representing different taxonomic units. Full cross validation was used. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Air and MAP LS samples stored at -2°C were analysed at the beginning, mid- and at the end JAK inhibitor of storage. About

175 g of fish fillets were cut in pieces and dispersed evenly on a sampling dish (plastic tray). Measurements and identification of volatiles was done according to Olafsdottir et al. [9]. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the AVS Funds of the Ministry of Fisheries in Iceland, the Icelandic Center for Research (ICR) and the European Commission through the Chill-On Integrated Project (FP6-016333-2). The authors would also like to thank Professor Jeffrey Hoorfar for his help in the manuscript preparation. References 1. Olafsdottir G, Lauzon HL, Martinsdottir E, Oehlenschlager J, Kristbergsson K: Evaluation of shelf-life of superchilled cod ( Gadus morhua ) fillets and influence of temperature fluctuations on microbial and chemical quality indicators.

Journal of Food Science 2006, 71:97–109.CrossRef 2. Magnusson H, Sveinsdottir K, Lauzon HL, Thorkelsdottir A, Martinsdottir E: Keeping quality of desalted cod fillets isometheptene in consumer packs. Journal of Food Science 2006, 71:70–76.CrossRef 3. Martin RE, Gray RJH, Pierson MD: Quality assessment of fresh fish and the role of the naturally occurring microflora. Food Technology 1978, 5:188–192. 4. Richards MP, Nelson NM, Kristinsson HG, Mony SS, Petty HT, Oliveira AC: Effects of fish heme protein structure and lipid substrate composition on hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 2007, 55:3643–3654.CrossRef 5. Gram L, Huss HH: Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products. International Journal of Food Microbiology 1996, 33:121–137.CrossRefPubMed 6. Beatty SA, Gibbons NE: The measurement of spoilage in fish. Journal of Biological Board of Canada 1937, 3:77–91. 7. Shewan JM, Hobbs G, Hodgkiss W: The Pseudomonas and Achromobacter groups of bacteria in the spoilage of marine white fish.

3826 26.8% 27% 1.0 25.3% 27.3% 0.6322 CT/MRI Computed tomography/magnetic resonance NSC23766 solubility dmso imaging, ICU intensive

care unit, POCT point of care test, SD standard deviation, USS ultrasound scan Acceptability and Qualitative Feedback from Operators A user questionnaire was completed by 85 staff members in two phases (40 in phase one and 45 in phase two, following the introduction of the new GeneXpert® cartridges). Staff were permitted to participate in both phases. Sixty-six respondents (78%) were older selleck chemicals llc persons’ staff and 19 (22%) were ICU staff. All ICU staff in both rounds agreed that the test was easy to perform, compared with 76% of older persons’ staff. The proportion of older persons’ staff who agreed with this comment was no different in either phase of the questionnaire. All ICU respondents and 88% of older persons’ respondents agreed that POCT results were available faster than laboratory testing. Seventy-six percent of ICU respondents liked being able to perform the test themselves and 94% felt it was an acceptable part of their role. This compares with 86% and 80%, respectively, in older persons’ respondents. 95% of ICU respondents and 86% of older persons’ respondents thought that the test had helped them to manage beds more effectively (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Acceptability and ease of use. A total of 66 older persons’ staff

and 19 ICU laboratory technicians completed a user questionnaire, asking the level of agreement or disagreement with five statements based on this website a scale of 1 (completely agree) to 5 (completely disagree). The questions were as follows: (1) the POCT is easy to perform, (2) results from the POCT are available faster than the laboratory-based test, (3) I like being able to perform the POCT myself, (4) performing the POCT is an acceptable part of my role, (5) the POCT results have allowed better management of beds. ICU Intensive care unit, POCT point-of-care test Discussion Diarrhea and CDI are

major infection control challenges for hospitals and clinicians must decide on the most efficient use of scarce resources. Laboratory-based testing for C. difficile is sometimes Rebamipide slow but POCT could provide a faster result. The data show that use of this POCT system is feasible in both the older persons’ wards and the ICUs studied. However, more problems were encountered in the older persons’ wards (more discrepant results and more processing errors). Although most older persons’ staff reported that the test was easy to perform, this staff group are unfamiliar with carrying out this type of procedure. The ICU technicians were much more familiar with basic laboratory processes and this may account for the lower number of discrepant results and processing errors. The number of errors did not appear to decrease after the introduction of the updated GeneXpert® cartridge. The six discrepant samples raise the possibility of contamination during assay preparation; all had relatively high Ct values.

Immunity 2007,27(1):135–144.PubMedCrossRef 11. Davenport A: Peritonitis remains

the major clinical complication of peritoneal dialysis: the London, UK, peritonitis audit 2002–2003. Perit Dial Int 2009,29(3):297–302.PubMed 12. Yip T, Tse KC, Lam MF, Tang S, Li FK, Choy BY, Lui SL, Chan TM, Lai KN, Lo WK: Risk factors and outcomes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int 2006,26(2):191–197.PubMed 13. Szeto CC, Chow KM: Gram-negative peritonitis–the Achilles heel of peritoneal dialysis? Perit Dial Int 2007,27(Suppl 2):S267-S271.PubMed 14. Meng N, selleck Zhao J, Su L, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Miao J: A butyrolactone derivative suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced autophagic injury through inhibiting the autoregulatory loop of p8 and p53 in vascular endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012,44(2):311–319.PubMedCrossRef 15. Lee HM, Shin DM, Yuk JM, Shi G, Choi DK, Lee SH, Huang SM, Kim JM, Kim CD, Lee JH, Jo EK: Autophagy negatively regulates keratinocyte inflammatory responses via scaffolding protein p62/SQSTM1. J Immunol 2011,186(2):1248–1258.PubMedCrossRef 16. Doyle A, Zhang G, Abdel FE, Eissa NT, Li YP: Toll-like receptor 4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced muscle catabolism via coordinate activation of ubiquitin-proteasome and

autophagy-lysosome pathways. Faseb J 2011,25(1):99–110.PubMedCrossRef 17. Wu J, Yang X, Zhang YF, Wang Alisertib YN, Liu Orotic acid M, Dong XQ, Fan JJ, Yu XQ: Glucose-based peritoneal dialysis fluids downregulate toll-like receptors and trigger hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010,17(5):757–763.PubMedCrossRef 18. Rougier JP, Moullier P, Piedagnel R, Ronco PM: Hyperosmolality

suppresses but TGF beta 1 increases MMP9 in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. BKM120 Kidney Int 1997,51(1):337–347.PubMedCrossRef 19. Liu M, Yang X, Fan J, Zhang R, Wu J, Zeng Y, Nie J, Yu X: Altered tight junctions and fence function in NRK-52E cells induced by aristolochic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012,31(1):32–41.PubMedCrossRef 20. Zeng Y, Yang X, Wang J, Fan J, Kong Q, Yu X: Aristolochic acid I induced autophagy extenuates cell apoptosis via ERK 1/2 pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012,7(1):e30312.PubMedCrossRef 21. Kabeya Y, Mizushima N, Ueno T, Yamamoto A, Kirisako T, Noda T, Kominami E, Ohsumi Y, Yoshimori T: LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing. Embo J 2000,19(21):5720–5728.PubMedCrossRef 22. Sir D, Kuo CF, Tian Y, Liu HM, Huang EJ, Jung JU, Machida K, Ou JH: Replication of hepatitis C virus RNA on autophagosomal membranes. J Biol Chem 2012,287(22):18036–18043.PubMedCrossRef 23. Yuan K, Huang C, Fox J, Laturnus D, Carlson E, Zhang B, Yin Q, Gao H, Wu M: Autophagy plays an essential role in the clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by alveolar macrophages.

However, these studies might suggest that bacteria are not sufficient to induce cancer by their own. Hence, tumor development selleck might require independent mutations in the oncogenic signaling pathways together with chronic inflammatory conditions which are needed to promote, propagate, and spread tumor lesions [88]. Induction of uncontrolled cellular proliferation In the presence of wall extracted proteins of S. bovis/gallolyticus, Caco-2 cells exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of 3 classes of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [38]. Several reports showed that MAPKs activation stimulates cells to undergo DNA synthesis and cellular uncontrolled proliferation [112–114] (Figure

1). Therefore S. bovis/gallolyticus proteins could promote cell proliferation by triggering MAPKs which might increase the incidence of cell transformation and the rate of genetic mutations. Furthermore, MAPKs, particularly p38 MAPK, can induce COX-2 which is an important factor in tumorogenesis [29, 115] up-regulating the expression of NFkB which is considered the central link between inflammation and carcinogenesis, namely, inflammation-induced tumor progression [92]. Colonization of Streptococcus gallolyticus in colorectal mucosa The association of S. bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal cancer has usually been described through the incidence of S. bovis/gallolyticus

bacteremia and/or endocarditis [1–4, 44]. On the other hand, little bacteriological research has been done [116, 117] on elucidating the colonization of S. bovis/gallolyticus in tumor lesions of colorectal cancer to confirm or refute, on solid bases, the Selleck Cyclosporin A direct link between colorectal cancer and S. bovis/gallolyticus. Previous studies [116, 117] did not find clear evidence for the colonization of S. bovis/gallolyticus in colorectal AZD1480 price tumors. This might be attributed to the complete reliance on bacteriological methods rather

than more sensitive molecular assays for the detection of S. bovis/gallolyticus nucleic acids. A recent study done by our team assessed the colonization of S. bovis/gallolyticus in the colon [40]. In this study, S. bovis/gallolyticus-specific primers and probes were used in PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays, respectively, along with bacteriological isolation of S. bovis/gallolyticus to detect/isolate Resveratrol S. bovis/gallolyticus DNA/cells from feces, tumor mucosal surfaces, and from inside tumor lesions. S. bovis/gallolyticus was remarkably isolated, via bacteriological assays, from tumor tissues of colorectal cancer patients with history of bacteremia, 20.5%, and without history of bacteremia, 12.8%, while only 2% of normal tissues of age- and sex- matched control subjects revealed colonization of S. bovis/gallolyticus. On the other hand, the positive detection of S. bovis/gallolyticus DNA, via PCR and ISH assays, in tumor tissues of colorectal cancer patients with history of bacteremia, 48.7 and 46.

Peroxiredoxins are capable of protecting cells from ROS toxicity and regulating signal transduction pathways Vistusertib that use c-Abl, caspases, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and activator protein-1 to influence cell growth and apoptosis. Evidence is fast growing

that oxidative stress is important not only for normal cell physiology but also for many pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer [5–8]. Reactive oxygen species participate in carcinogenesis in all stages, including initiation, promotion, and progression [5] Levels of ROS such as O2 – are increased in JAK inhibitor breast cancer [9, 10]. The production of ROS accelerates tumor induction [11]. In vitro, Prx genes I-IV are overexpressed

when H2O2 concentration in cells is elevated [12]. Peroxiredoxin I, a cytosol form, is the most abundant and ubiquitously distributed member of the mammalian Prx family, and it has been identified in a large variety of organisms. It has been suggested that Prx I regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis by its interaction with oncogene products such as c-Abl. Peroxiredoxin I has been investigated in various human cancer samples as a potential marker. The reports cited above support that Prx I may be closely selleck chemicals llc associated with cancers. Nevertheless, the connection between Prx I and cancer has not yet been clearly defined. Elevated expressions of Prx I have been observed in several human cancers, including lung, breast, esophagus, oral, and thyroid [13–15]. In oral squamous cell cancer, Yanagawa et al. [15] found low levels of Prx I expression associated with larger tumor

masses, during lymph node metastases, and poorly differentiated cancers. In contrast, Karihtala et al. [16] found no correlation between Prx I expression and clinicopathological features in breast cancer. Instead, levels of expression of Prxs III, IV, and V were significantly higher when breast cancers were poorly differentiated, suggesting their relationship to breast cancer. There are two major Prx subfamilies. One subfamily uses two conserved cysteines (2-Cys), and the other uses one cysteine (1-Cys) to scavenge H2O2 and alkyl hydroperoxides. Four mammalian 2-Cys members (Prx I-IV) use thioredoxin (Trx) as the electron donor for antioxidation [17]. Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein is induced by various kinds of oxidative stresses [18–21]. Similar to Prxs, Trx plays an important role in regulating cancer cell growth, for example, by modulating the DNA binding activity of transcription factors, including nuclear factor-κB, p53, and glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors [22–25]. Thioredoxin may be closely associated with cancers. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-Trx antibody has shown the expression of Trx in a number of human cancer tissues, including liver, colon, pancreas, and uterine cervix [26–28].

These results suggest that the co-integrates were stable and not resolved;

furthermore, these co-integrates maintained their architecture after a second round of conjugation. Acquisition of the CMY region by pX1 IncX plasmids Selleckchem Barasertib have been less studied that IncA/C plasmids, but their record extends through the pre-antibiotic era [30]. Recent studies have focused on IncX because of their find more implication in biofilm formation and drug-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae[13, 15, 31]. In Salmonella, IncX plasmids have been related to co-integrates with serotype-specific virulence plasmids. pOG669 is a Typhimurium virulence plasmid co-integrated with an IncX conjugative plasmid carrying ampicillin and kanamycin resistance, which has been used in compatibility experiments among Typhimurium strains [32, 33]. pOU1115 is a Dublin virulence plasmid that co-integrated with an IncX plasmid similar to pOU1114 [34]. In serovar Enteritidis, phage-type conversion has been demonstrated by the acquisition of IncX plasmids, such as pOG670 and pSE34 [35, 36]. All IncX plasmids studied

so far exhibit a type IV secretion system as part of their plasmid backbone [35, 36]; this feature enables horizontal transfer of these plasmids between host cells. The ability to induce MM-102 concentration biofilm formation and the expression of conjugative type IV secretion systems could have a synergistic effect that ultimately could be related to the pathogenic potential of a bacterium [37]. YU39 pX1 was negative for the amplification of the biofilm-formation operon mrk (data not shown) characteristic of pX1 plasmids pMAS2027, Protein kinase N1 pOLA52 and pLN126_33 [19]. However, the laboratory cultures of YU39 and its pX1 transformants and transconjugant exhibited a biofilm-formation-like

halo, which could be the result of other fimbrial or outer membrane proteins carried by this plasmid. YU39 was originally isolated from an eight year old boy in Yucatán with a systemic infection that presented severe thrombocytopenia and active bleeding [4]. The contribution of pX1 to the pathogenic potential of YU39 will be addressed in further experimental research. This is the first study to report the acquisition of an ESC-resistance gene by an IncX1 plasmid. The genetic contexts of bla CMY-2 genes have been addressed over the last decade [20, 38–42]. The core CMY region is composed of a transposon-like element consisting of a specific ISEcp1-bla CMY-2-blc-sugE structure. The genetic context of this structure varies in different plasmids, particularly for those genes downstream of sugE[20, 39, 41]. ISEcp1 codes for the transposase (tnpA) that mobilizes the CMY region by the one-end transposition mechanism, which only requires the action of one IS [43].

In this way, structuring knowledge in a domain-independent manner can improve the readability, reusability, and interoperability of knowledge in the target world. Development of the sustainability science ontology 1. Constituents of ontology The main contribution of this paper is to propose a reference model for structuring SS knowledge and to introduce a mapping Selleckchem 17DMAG tool based on that model. For this, an analysis of the quality of ontology is not essential, and, so, we only briefly explain the conceptualization of terms needed for structuring the SS ontology. An ontology consists of concepts and relationships that

are needed to describe the target world. One of the main components of an ontology is a hierarchy of concepts representing things existing in the target world that are determined to be important and organized by identifying is-a relationships between them. Figure 3 shows a small section of the SS ontology. In the example, an is-a relationship

declares that Destruction of regional environment is a kind of Problem. In the is-a relationship, the generalized concept (e.g., Problem) is called a super concept and the specialized concept (e.g., Destruction of regional environment) is called a sub concept. Thus, an is-a hierarchy describes the categorization of the concepts. For instance, Problem is subdivided into sub concepts selleck inhibitor such as Destruction of regional environment and Global environmental problem. Furthermore, Destruction of regional environment is subdivided into Air pollution, Water pollution, and so on. Fig. 3 A small example from the sustainability science (SS) ontology The introduction of other relationships refines the definition of the concepts. For example,

part-of relationships, which are also called has-part relationships, and TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor attribute-of relationships are used to show the concept’s parts and attributes, respectively. These relationships can be used to explicate the is-a relationships that give the categorization. For example, in contrast to Case 1, Case 2 in Fig. 3 Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase explicates that the categorization of Problem is determined by the place of occurrence, which is represented using an attribute-of relationship for Destruction of regional environment and Global environmental problem. One difference between Air pollution and Water pollution is the target, which is also represented using an attribute-of relationship. In this example, place of occurrence and target are examples of a relationship, called a role. These relationships and roles are described as slots in Hozo. When there is an is-a relationship between two concepts, the sub concept inherits the part-of and attribute-of slots from its super concept. In Fig. 3, definitions of Destruction of regional environment (e.g.