The copolymers are readily soluble in common organic solvents

The copolymers are readily soluble in common organic solvents

such as chloroform, THF, and DMF. Thermal analysis revealed that the copolymers had good thermal stability. The fluorescence quenching behaviors of the hyperbranched copolymers by metal ions were studied. It was found that the fluorescence selleck products of the copolymers can be effectively quenched by Pd(2+). Moreover, the two hyperbranched copolymers exhibited different quenching efficiency, which may be related to difference in the hindrance for the chelation of pyridine unit with metal ions of the two polymers. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 217-225, 2011″
“Previous reports have suggested an increased risk of psoriasis in MS patients. Worsening of dermatologic lesions during interferon therapy has been rarely reported, but activation of psoriatic arthritis has not been described until

now. The following is a case report. A 37-year-old woman affected by relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis had severe worsening of cutaneous psoriasis and activation of psoriatic arthritis during interferon beta treatment. The symptoms resolved after therapy discontinuation. This case further supports that activation of psoriasis might be a rare side effect of IFNB therapy and suggests AZD2014 careful evaluation of concomitant morbidity to allow a patient-oriented treatment strategy.”
“The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of thyroid

autoimmunity in second grade primary school students and to examine the relationship between iodine and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). This was a cohort study performed with 1000 students. Urinary iodine levels, antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies were determined in all children. Children with anti-TPO Proteasome inhibitor or anti-Tg antibody positivity or with goiter were summoned for detailed examinations. In total, 36 cases (3.6%) were diagnosed as HT. The goiter frequency was found in 17.5% of the whole cohort. Additionally, iodine deficiency was found in 64.2% of all children. The median urinary iodine excretion was determined as 132 mu g/L (range 382 mu g/L) in the HT group, whereas it was 73 mu g/L (range 390 mu g/L) in children with goiter but without HT and 81 mu g/L (range 394 mu g/L) in normal children. The urinary iodine level of HT cases was significantly higher than the other two groups (p < 0.001). HT was also determined in 2% of patients with low urinary iodine levels, in 6.2% of patients with normal urinary iodine levels, and in 7.5% of patients with high urinary iodine levels. Our data demonstrates the close relationship between excessive iodine levels and autoimmunity.

Methods:

To simulate ND,

Methods:

To simulate ND, see more we secured segments of porcine chest walls over volunteer soldiers’ chests and placed 14-gauge, 1.5-inch angiocatheters through the porcine wall segments which were affixed to either the midaxillary or midclavicular location on the volunteers. We then assessed for occlusion and kinking by flow of normal saline (NS) through the angiocatheter in situ. The angiocatheter was then transduced using standard arterial line manometry, and the opening pressures required to initiate flow through the catheters were measured. The opening pressures were then converted to mm Hg. We also assessed for catheter occlusion after the physical manipulation of the patient, by simulated patient transport.

Results: We observed that there was a significant pressure difference required to achieve free flow through the in situ angiocatheter between the fifth intercostal space midaxillary line versus the second intercostal space midclavicular line site (13.1 +/- 3.6 mm Hg vs. 7.9 +/- 1.8 mm Hg).

Conclusions: This study suggests that the 14-gauge, 1.5-inch angiocatheter used for ND in the midaxillary line may partially and temporarily occlude in patients who will be transported on military stretchers. The pressure

KPT-330 inhibitor of 12.8 mm Hg has been documented in animal models as the pressure at which hemodynamic instability develops. This may contribute to the reaccumulation of tension pneumothoraces and ultimate patient deterioration in military transport.”
“A 73-year old man underwent transthoracic

and transoesophageal echocardiography and computed tomography, which revealed what appeared to be an asymptomatic primary mobile tumour located in the right atrium. During surgery, the mass was found to be associated with the right atrial septum and was subsequently CH5183284 resected. Histopathology of the mass revealed a cardiac varix with phleboliths. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course and no signs of recurrence at the 10-month follow-up.”
“In our previous paper, we reported that spontaneous hypothermia (HT) during ischemia protects against delayed neuronal death in the hippocampus but not against acute brain edema following transient forebrain ischemia, which is induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCA) in C57BL/6J mice. We here demonstrate that artificial HT after reperfusion (rHT) suppresses the aggravation of acute brain edema in the BCCA occlusion C57BL/6J mouse model. Our results suggest that mechanisms regulated by rHT are involved in the attenuation of acute brain edema after reperfusion in this model of cerebral ischemia.”
“Background The yeast Malassezia belongs to our normal cutaneous flora, but is capable of sensitizing individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD).

A mandibular counterclockwise rotation was done in all cases with

A mandibular counterclockwise rotation was done in all cases with bilateral ramus sagittal split osteotomy. After the split of the ramus had been completed, a vertical osteotomy was done distally to the second molar on the internal ramus

segment. With the completion of this vertical osteotomy, the internal ramus segment became completely mobile. All osteotomies were stabilized with rigid internal fixation by use of plates with monocortical screws.

Results: Ten patients have been treated with the “”mobilizing vertical osteotomy of the internal ramus segment.”" The mean reduction of the occlusal plane angle was 10.1 degrees, showing a substantial Quisinostat concentration counterclockwise rotation of the maxillomandibular complex.

All patients had significant improvement of their facial balance. After a I-year follow-up period, all cases but I showed very good stability of their occlusion and occlusal plane angle. An 11.4% relapse of the forward movement of the mandible was noted.

Conclusions: On the basis of this prospective Study, we conclude that when performing a counterclockwise rotation of the maxillomandibular complex, the mobilizing PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 nmr vertical osteotomy of the internal ramus segment combined with the sagittal split osteotomy of the mandible potentially enhances the occlusal plane angle and occlusal stability after a I-year period. (C) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 67:1691-1699, 2009″
“Stomatal closure is known to be associated with early defence responses of plant cells triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns

(MAMPs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these guard-cell responses have selleck chemicals not yet been elucidated. We therefore studied pathogen-induced changes in ion channel activity in Hordeum vulgare guard cells. Barley mildew (Blumeria graminis) hyphae growing on leaves inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, starting at 9 h after inoculation, when appressoria had developed. Alternatively, stomatal closure was induced by nano-infusion of chitosan via open stomata into the sub-stomatal cavity. Experiments using intracellular double-barreled micro-electrodes revealed that mildew stimulated S-type (slow) anion channels in guard cells. These channels enable the efflux of anions from guard cells and also promote K+ extrusion by altering the plasma membrane potential. Stimulation of S-type anion channels was also provoked by nano-infusion of chitosan. These data suggest that MAMPs of mildew hyphae penetrating the cuticle provoke activation of S-type anion channels in guard cells. In response, guard cells extrude K+ salts, resulting in stomatal closure. Plasma membrane anion channels probably represent general targets of MAMP signaling in plants, as these elicitors depolarize the plasma membrane of various cell types.

When the percentage of missing data is large, standard MI strateg

When the percentage of missing data is large, standard MI strategies, which do not take into account the intra-cluster correlation, underestimate the variance of the treatment NSC 23766 effect. Within-cluster

and across-cluster MI strategies (except for random-effects logistic regression MI strategy), which take the intra-cluster correlation into account, seem to be more appropriate to handle the missing outcome from CRTs. Under the same imputation strategy and percentage of missingness, the estimates of the treatment effect from GEE and RE logistic regression models are similar.”
“Background and Purpose: The vast increase in recent publications on renal mass biopsy (RMB) suggests an increased interest in the subject. The objective of the survey was to assess the use of RMB in current urologic practice, including related factors such as indications and patterns in practice.

Methods: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elafibranor.html The link to a web-based questionnaire (www.surveymonkey.com) was sent to all registered e-mail addresses (1854) of members of the Endourological Society in December 2010. The questionnaire contained six epidemiologic questions, 10 regarding patterns of practice, one regarding the influence of the literature, and one on future techniques.

Chi-square test (for trends) was used to assess statistical significant differences among categorical answers.

Results: In total, 190 responders completed the survey of whom 73% indicated performing RMB “”never”"

or “”rarely”" compared with 9% performing RMB in 25% to 100% of cases. Thirteen percent of responders reported never to take a RMB. Of the latter, significantly fewer practice in university hospitals (6% vs 20%-30%, P = 0.003). Main indications to perform RMB are still tumors in solitary/transplant kidneys and in metastatic disease. Lack of influence on clinical management and risk of false negatives were the main reasons not to perform biopsies. Sixty-one percent prefer histological biopsies compared with 8% who prefer cytological aspiration; 31% indicated PLX-4720 molecular weight that they combine both techniques. Other tissue differentiation techniques (Optical Coherence Tomography, Raman-spectroscopy) are unknown to 65% of urologists.

Conclusion: RMB is not yet applied widely in urologic practice, with academic urologists performing RMB less infrequently. Core biopsies are still preferred, although combined with cytologic punctures by a considerable number of responders.”
“Primary lens luxation (PLL) is a well-recognized, painful and potentially blinding inherited ocular condition in dogs. We screened PLL-affected dogs of 30 different breeds, to identify those which carried a previously described c.1473+1 G>A mutation in ADAMTS17 that is associated with PLL in Miniature Bull terriers, Lancashire Heelers, and Jack Russell terriers.

Much of the debate over reliability of

Much of the debate over reliability of Cell Cycle inhibitor estimates of the prevalence of TDR has focused on whether the sample population is representative. However estimates of the prevalence of TDR will also be distorted if some ART-experienced patients are misclassified as ART-naive.

Methods: The impact of misclassification bias on the rate of TDR was examined. We developed methods to obtain adjusted estimates of the prevalence of TDR for different misclassification rates, and conducted sensitivity analyses of trends in the prevalence of TDR over time using

data from the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database. Logistic regression was used to examine trends in the prevalence of TDR over time.

Results: The observed rate of TDR was higher than true TDR when misclassification was present and increased as the proportion of misclassification increased. As the number of naive patients with a resistance test relative to the number of experienced patients with a test increased, the difference between true and observed TDR decreased. The observed prevalence of TDR in the UK reached a peak of 11.3% in 2002 (odds of TDR increased by 1.10 (95% CI 1.02, 1.19, p(linear trend) = 0.02) per year

1997-2002) before decreasing to 7.0% in 2007 (odds of TDR decreased by 0.90 (95% CI 0.87, 0.94, p(linear trend) < 0.001) per year 2002-2007. Trends in adjusted TDR were altered as the misclassification rate increased; the significant downward trend between 2002-2007 was lost when the misclassification increased to over 4%.

Conclusion: selleck The effect of misclassification of ART on estimates of the prevalence of TDR may be appreciable, and depends on the number CH5183284 purchase of naive tests relative to the number of experienced tests. Researchers can examine the effect of ART misclassification on their estimates of the prevalence of TDR if such a bias is suspected.”
“Sterically hindered phenols, 3-tert-butyl-N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-ethyl-2-hydroxybenzamide

and N-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propyl]-2-hydroxybenzamide, were synthesized as potential antioxidants, and the formation of hydrogen bonds by their molecules was shown by UV and IR spectroscopy.”
“Upon the identification of anandamide (AEA) in the porcine brain, numerous studies contributed to the current state of knowledge regarding all elements that form the “”endocannabinoid system (ECS).”" How this complex system of receptors, ligands, and enzymes is integrated in helping to regulate fundamental processes at level of central nervous and peripheral systems and how its regulation and dysregulation might counteract disturbances of such functions, is nowadays still under investigation.

Results: The manufacturers used mainly ingredients of low irritan

Results: The manufacturers used mainly ingredients of low irritancy. The declaration of the applied ingredients was in the majority of the cases correctly labeled according to the INCI Declaration. Although there was documentation of skin tolerability for most products, the manufacturers used widely differing

tests of skin compatibility. Evidences for cleansing effectiveness were not declared or have not been provided. One manufacturer even promised medical Pictilisib concentration effects of its products. There was no uniform general classification of products making it difficult to identify characteristics of cleansers and choose between them.

Conclusions: Presently, there are no commonly accepted criteria to classify products in view of cleansing effectiveness und skin compatibility. Generally accepted criteria and test methods are needed for the evaluation of hand cleansers in order to provide the possibility of transparency and comparability.”
“Objective: To identify lipodystrophy in prepubertal HIV-infected children using anthropometric parameters and body composition assessment.

Methods:

Selleck CX-6258 Cross-sectional study including 40 prepubertal HIV-infected children of both genders seen at the Care Center of the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases – Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo city, Brazil, was carried out from August to December 2008. Age, clinical and immunological GNS-1480 status,

prophylaxis, transmission and highly active antiretroviral therapy were recorded. Body mass index z-score and height-for-age z-score were calculated to characterize the nutritional status. Circumferences were measured with flexible tape and skinfolds were assessed by an adipometry. Fat mass and lean mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Presence of clinical signs of lipodystrophy was assessed by a trained clinician. Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software.

Results: The mean age and standard deviation were 9.8 (1.2) years, 50% were girls and 82.5% children from B and C categories. Clinical lipodystrophy and dislypidemia were present in 27.5% and 70%, respectively. The trunk to arm ratio and the limb to trunk ratio had positive association with lipodystrophy. Patients with lipodystrophy had short stature, higher triglycerides values and lower HDL-cholesterol.

Conclusion: The ratios obtained by skinfolds and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements can be considered as indicators of preclinical lipodystrophy. The cutoff points have not been determined yet; however, continuous assessment may be useful to identify early body composition changes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Psoriasis, an inflammatory disorder of the skin, can significantly impact on a patient’s quality of life, affecting their daily activities and families.

Capsaicin decreased the percentage of viable cells in a dose-depe

Capsaicin decreased the percentage of viable cells in a dose-dependent manner in human tongue cancer SCC-4 cells. In addition, capsaicin produced DNA fragmentation, decreased the DNA contents (sub-G1 phase), and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in SCC-4 cells. We demonstrated that capsaicin-induced Ferroptosis targets apoptosis is associated with an increase in reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ generations and a disruption of the mitochondrial transmenbrane potential (??m). Treatment with capsaicin induced a dramatic increase in caspase-3 and -9 activities, as assessed by flow cytometric methods. A possible mechanism of capsaicin-induced apoptosis

is involved in the activation of caspase-3 (one of the apoptosis-executing enzyme). Confocal laser microscope examination also showed that capsaicin induced the releases of AIF, ATF-4, and GADD153 from mitochondria of SCC-4 cells. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.”
“Wild vegetables, Aster glehni and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, produced from Ulleungdo (island), Korea were packaged with 30 mu m polypropylene (PP), 30 mu m antifogging oriented polypropylene (A-OPP), 30 mu m microperforated antifogging oriented polypropylene (MiA-OPP), 30 mu m macroperforated low density polyethylene (Ma-LDPE), and 20 mu m macroperforated high density polyethylene

(Ma-RDPE), stored at 4, 10, and 20 degrees C. Concentrations of O(2) and CO(2) in the packages find more were not modified by Ma-LDPE and Ma-HDPE. Weight loss was retarded by PP, A-OPP, MiA-OPP, especially as storage temperature decreased. Soluble solids were not affected by packaging materials. pH slightly decreased

in LDPE and Ma-HDPE. Appearance, color, and overall acceptability of both vegetables stored at 4 degrees C in PP or MiA-OPP showed the highest sensory score. These results QVDOph Suggest that packaging with PP or MiA-OPP films and storage at 4 degrees C could be a useful method to maintain quality of the wild vegetables.”
“A novel series of N-methyl-bisindolylmaleimides were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against nine tumor cell lines. Some of the compounds showed an interesting activity against the tested cell lines. The most potent compounds 5e and 5j displayed antiproliferative activity with 50% inhibitory concentration values in the M range against some tested cell lines.”
“Arsenic is an environmental toxicant, free-radical generator, carcinogenic agent, and aging promoter. Recently, blood samples were analyzed from individuals (control- male 12, female 13; arsenic-exposed- male 16, female 14; and exposed to =100 mu g/L As, =10 y) with dermatological symptoms in few affected villages in Eastern India to unravel their hematopoietic, metabolic, and antioxidant profiles. White blood cells recovered from buffy coat were used for DNA fragmentation test.

78 +/- A 7 396 vs SCPC gross motor quotient, 77 56 +/- A 7 715 [P

78 +/- A 7.396 vs SCPC gross motor quotient, 77.56 +/- A 7.715 [P < 0.001]; ASO fine motor quotient, 101.20 +/- A 6.512 versus SCPC fine motor quotient, 87.70 +/- A 9.945 [P = 0.002]; Dinaciclib solubility dmso ASO total motor quotient, 98.78 +/- A 6.515 versus

SCPC total motor quotient, 79.56 +/- A 8.095 [P < 0.001]). A lower total motor quotient was associated with the use of anticoagulant medication (-20.3 +/- A 4.6; P < 0.001), longer and more frequent hospital stays (respectively, -3.6 +/- A 1 .4; P = 0.01 and -0.8 +/- A 0.4; P = 0.02), and shorter times between the most recent surgery and the assessment date (2.1 +/- A 0.5; P < 0.001). Age-standardized scores were constant between baseline and follow-up evaluation (baseline gross motor quotient, 87 +/- A 12 vs. post-intervention gross motor quotient, 88 +/- A 15 [P = 0.89]; baseline fine motor quotient, 94 +/- A 11 vs. post-intervention fine motor quotient, selleck screening library 94 +/- A 12 [P = 0.55]; baseline total motor quotient, 89 +/- A 12 vs. post-intervention total motor quotient, 90 +/- A 14 [P = 0.89]), indicating achievement of the expected rate of development. The most common barrier to home activity completion was illness in the SCPC group and lack of interest in the

ASO group. Providing enjoyable activities and incorporating the activities into the participants’ schedules were keys to compliance. All the children were able to complete the assessments, and the parents reported a positive impact of the intervention on family life. Children who have had the SCPC procedure experience significant motor delays early in life. However, toddlers after buy CUDC-907 ASO have age-appropriate motor skills. Completion of the rehabilitation program enables post-SCPC children to increase their rate of development to age-appropriate norms.”
“The occurrence of trace levels of prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals

in the environment began to receive concerted attention nearly two decades ago. The public’s growing awareness and concern over the presence of these chemicals, especially in drinking water. has served to catalyze considerable discussion and debate regarding the best practices for disposal of unused or unwanted medications. In the United States, the first federal guidance for consumers was issued in 2007. It recommends discarding unused pharmaceuticals to household trash. after taking precautions to mix the pharmaceuticals with an inert substance and conceal the contents from view. Providing the consumer with additional options for conscientious disposal are various community, city, and state collection events, ongoing programs, and government-funded pilot projects. These strategies include the opportunity to mail or bring unused medications to various collection points, such as pharmacies, for eventual destruction.

RESULTS: The influence of liquid flow rate (Q(L)) from 2-4 L min(

RESULTS: The influence of liquid flow rate (Q(L)) from 2-4 L min(-1), gas flow rate (Q(G)) from 30-70 L min(-1), H2S concentration in the H2S-air feed mixture from 5-15 ppm, and Ce(III) pre-mediator concentration in the electrochemical cell from 0.1 – 1 mol L-1 on H2S removal

efficiency were investigated. Both liquid and gas flow rates influenced the removal efficiencies, but in opposite directions. Nearly 98% H2S removal was achieved when the concentration of Ce(IV) mediator ion in the flowing scrubbing liquid reached 0.08 mol L-1.

CONCLUSIONS: The new MEO method proved promising for H2S removal, achieving high removal efficiency. integration of the electrochemical cell with find more the scrubber set-up ensured continuous regeneration of the mediator and its repeated reuse for H2S removal,

avoiding use of additional chemicals. Since the process works at room temperature Dinaciclib purchase and atmospheric pressure utilizing conventional transition metal oxide electrodes more commonly used in industrial applications, it is also safe and economical. (C) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Previous reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for low-back pain (LBP) have failed to identify any positive trend in study quality with more recent years of publication. This study aimed to identify and describe trends over time in the study design characteristics and risk of bias in chronic LBP trials performed over the past 30 years.

One fifty-seven randomised trials of interventions for chronic LBP were extracted from recently published systematic reviews. The reviews included RCTs on https://www.sellecn.cn/products/pf-562271.html physical and rehabilitation interventions, injection therapy and denervation procedures, complementary and alternative therapies and pharmacological interventions for chronic LBP. Study level data were extracted and analysed

for trends associated with year of publication.

Overall, the mean sample size in the RCTs was 141 (median 70; range 17-3093). There was a slight increase in the median number of risk of bias criteria fulfilled from trials published prior to 1995 to those published after 1996. The analysis showed that in more recent years RCTs of medical interventions were more likely to be successfully blinded than RCTs of non-medical interventions.

The continuing uncertainty regarding the efficacy of many interventions for chronic LBP again stresses the need for large RCTs with low risk of bias. Further research is needed into specific risks of bias within the RCTs for chronic LBP and the effect they have on the plausibility of the results.”
“BACKGROUND: The powder reaction moulding process uses a reactive monomer as carrier and binder for the moulding of metal or ceramic powders.

This varied histology is similar to that

of the previousl

This varied histology is similar to that

of the previously described panfolliculoma, differing in that it emanates largely from the epidermis rather than being predominantly dermally located. We propose the term “”epidermal panfolliculoma”" for these lesions.”
“The effect of pitavastatin and SLCO1B1 genetic background on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of repaglinide was investigated. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, twelve healthy Chinese males were administered with pitavastatin 4 mg/d or the selleck chemical placebo for 5 d followed by repaglinide 4 mg given orally on d 5. Plasma repaglinide and glucose levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and the glucose oxidase method, respectively. Treatment with pitavastatin significantly increased the peak plasma concentration (C-max) of repaglinide (P=0.003) in SLCO1B1*1b homozygotes (P=0.015) and

SLCO1B1*15 carriers (P=0.031). Treatment with pitavastatin led to a marginal increase in the area under plasma concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC(0 ->infinity)) of repaglinide (P=0.091). There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters or hypoglycemic effects of repaglinide among SLCO1B1 genotypes in either the pitavastatin or control group. Pitavastatin increased the Cmax of the plasma concentration of repaglinide in an SLCO1B1 genotype dependent manner, but had no TPX-0005 GDC-0449 mouse apparent effect on the pharmacodynamics of repaglinide

in healthy volunteers. The p values for this statement were not reported.”
“Laparoscopic gastric greater curvature plication (LGGCP) is an emerging restrictive bariatric procedure that successfully reduces the gastric volume by plication of the gastric greater curvature. Its main advantages are the reversibility of the technique as well as the lack of foreign materials or gastrectomy. We present our results, focusing on the effectiveness and complications, and on a new modification of the original technique. One hundred and thirty-five patients underwent LGGCP between April 2008 and December 2009. A five-trocar port technique was used, and following dissection of the greater gastric curvature, single plication of the latter was performed under the guidance of a 36-Fr bougie. Modification of the technique included multiple gastric plications. One hundred and four obese women and 31 obese men (mean age of 36 years) underwent LGGCP for weight reduction. Operative time was 40-50 min, and mean hospital stay was 1.9 days (range 1-6 days). After a follow-up of 8-31 months (mean 22.59), the mean percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) was 65.29. Subgroup analyses based on BMI values showed that %EWL was significantly higher for patients with BMI < 45 kg/mA(2) (group I) compared with patients with BMI > 45 kg/mA(2) (group II) (69.86 vs 55.49, respectively, p = 0.006).