,

1998) The respiratory inhibition caused by QoI fungici

,

1998). The respiratory inhibition caused by QoI fungicides is believed to involve proton pooling, which leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Once the metabolic activity is inhibited, the ROS generated may activate AOX and restart germination. The AOX pathway is also PD0332991 considered to have a protective role against oxygen stress (Maxwell et al., 1999; Magnani et al., 2008; Van Aken et al., 2009). The AOX pathway can be inhibited by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) or n-propyl gallate (PG) (Siedow & Bickett, 1981). If the electron flow in the respiratory chain is interrupted, excessive electrons are pooled. Under such circumstances, excessive electrons can cause aberrant generation of ROS (Kim et al., 2008). Indeed, in Fusarium graminearum, treatment with azoxystrobin (AZ) induced ROS production and AOX induction, and treatment with AZ + SHAM generated additional ROS compared to AZ treatment alone (Kaneko & Ishii, 2009). Moreover, the quantity of ROS generation and AOX activity were correlated with AZ sensitivity between F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale (Kaneko & Ishii, 2009). Excessive ROS generation may cause death at the beginning of mitochondrial destruction. In Penicillium digitatum, oxidative stress produced by exogenous treatment with hydrogen peroxide caused ultrastructural

disorganization (Cerioni selleck et al., 2010). Moreover, in Aspergillus nidulans and yeast, farnesol-induced apoptosis participated in mitochondrial generation of ROS (Machida et al., 1998; Semighini et al., 2006). In Botrytis cinerea, the presence of dead cells following treatment with AZ and PG was confirmed by vital indicator, calcein-AM (acetoxymethyl ester), and nucleus staining (Takahashi et al., 2008). In this experiment, however, the cell death was evaluated after a long incubation period (3 or 4 days). Therefore,

it was not clear whether the fatal effect was directly caused by AZ and PG. In contrast, in another phytopathogenic fungus, Mycosphaerella graminicola, the effect of AZ was found to be fungistatic on the host plant (Rohel et al., 2001). In this study, we evaluated the effect of AZ and AOX inhibitors on the spore germination of the grey mould fungus, B. cinerea, by cytological analyses. Botrytis cinerea isolate almost from strawberry IBA1-2-1 (AZ-sensitive) (Ishii et al., 2009) was used. To promote sporulation, three mycelial plugs were inoculated on PDA (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) in a 9-cm Petri dish, incubated for 3 days at 20 °C under darkness, for 4 days at 20 °C under near UV irradiation, and then for another 3 days at 20 °C under darkness. The aerial hyphae-bearing conidia were washed with distilled water (DW), rubbed off the media with a paintbrush, and filtered through a Kimwipe S-200 (Cresia Corp., Tokyo, Japan) to remove the hyphal fragments.

The SSH Xoo MAI1

The SSH Xoo MAI1 Alectinib concentration nonredundant set of sequences was grouped into functional categories, using the Gene Ontology (GO) functional classification scheme (http://www.geneontology.org). We tested 17 clones by Southern blot analysis to verify that the DNA fragments derived from individual clones were present in the Xoo strain MAI1 and absent in the driver DNA (strains Xoo PXO86 or Xoc BLS256). Additionally, four fragments FI978105, FI978197, FI978167, and FI978100 (Table 1) were selected to screen genomic DNA from different Asian Xoo strains, African Xoo strains, African Xoc strains (MAI3 and MAI11), and one Asian Xoc strain (BLS256)

(Table 1). Briefly, for each strain, 5 μg of genomic DNA was digested with 10 U of RsaI and run on 0.8% agarose gels. The DNA was transferred to Hybond-N+ nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Little Chalfont,

UK). The insert DNA was amplified by PCR, using the nested primer 1 and nested primer 2R provided with the PCR-Select™ BI 6727 research buy Bacterial Genome Subtraction Kit (BD Biosciences Clontech). The amplified DNA fragment was gel purified, using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The DNA fragments were labeled with [α32P] dCTP by random priming (MegaPrime labeling kit, Amersham Biosciences Europe GmbH, Succursale France, Saclay, Orsay). Hybridization and washes were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Two subtracted DNA libraries (SSH) were constructed to isolate unique DNA sequences from the African Xoo strain MAI1. The sequence lengths of the 530 sequences obtained varied between 85 and 1144 bp, with the average being 396 bp. The initial set of 530 sequences was reduced to 134 unique consensus sequences, comprising 85 contigs and 49 singletons (Supporting Information, Table S1). From the nonredundant set of sequences, 62 sequences were specifically found in the MAI1-PXO86 library and 52

in the MAI1-BLS256 library. Twenty sequences were found in both libraries (Table 2). A blastn search with the Xoo MAI1 nonredundant sequences was performed. The results are summarized in Table S1 and Fig. 1. Half of the genes identified AMP deaminase comprised 67 unique sequences that belonged to two categories of proteins, that is, either ‘hypothetical proteins’ or of unknown function (Fig. 1). Several fragments were homologs to known genes related to pathogenicity and more specifically to those encoding pathogenicity, that is, to type III secretion system proteins (T3SS). Most knowledge on T3SS in Xoo is based on studies of the AvrBs3/PthA bacterial effector proteins, a family of type III effectors with transcription activator-like (TAL) activity known so far (Yang & White, 2004; White & Yang, 2009). Moreover, fragments with similarity to an Avr/Pth14 protein and a TAL effector (tal-C10b) of Xoo PXO99A were also isolated. These TAL effectors have been shown to control the induction of plant genes during infection (Kay et al., 2007; White & Yang, 2009).

Pools were initially screened qualitatively with Roche COBAS Ampl

Pools were initially screened qualitatively with Roche COBAS AmpliScreen HIV-1 Test version 1.5 (Roche Molecular Systems, Branchburg, NJ, USA). Quantitative RNA testing on individual positive specimens was then performed using Roche COBAS Amplicor

HIV-1 version 1.5. All patients with a positive individual quantitative HIV RNA screen underwent antibody testing with HIV EIA [Vironostika HIV-1 Microelisa System (Biomérieux, Durham, NC, USA) or HIV-1 rLAV EIA (Bio-Rad, Richmond, WA, USA) and HIV WB (Bio-Rad). Patients were defined as having acute HIV infection if they had an HIV RNA level >10 000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL with either negative HIV antibody testing or HIV GDC-0068 mouse EIA positivity with a negative or indeterminate WB [16]. Patients were defined as having chronic HIV infection if they had both positive EIA and WB in the presence of elevated HIV RNA (>5000 copies/mL) [21]; these patients were considered to have ‘false negative’ rapid test results. The highest HIV RNA among chronically AP24534 infected patients was reported as >750 000 copies/mL (the upper limit of the assay); this was considered 750 000 copies/mL for the purpose of the analysis. One patient

had a positive qualitative RNA screen but had neither WB nor HIV RNA available and was excluded from further analysis. Within the first month of the study, there were several patients identified via RNA testing with chronic infection and false negative rapid tests results. After the first three false negative rapid test results, the HIV testing protocol in the out-patient department was evaluated. Because the issue initially appeared to involve false Adenosine negatives from a single lot of confirmatory test kits (i.e. the second

rapid test performed in series to confirm an initial positive test), that test lot was promptly discarded (SmartCheck). The local Department of Health was notified of the findings and a new confirmatory rapid test kit was adopted (SD Bioline). The counsellors performing the rapid HIV tests were retrained in testing techniques by representatives from one of the HIV test kit manufacturers. Counsellors’ offices were already air-conditioned in an effort to control temperature and humidity for optimal test integrity. During the last 3 months of the study period, when false negatives continued to occur, the hospital adopted a parallel rapid testing algorithm as described above. The main study outcome was the proportion of subjects with acute HIV infection among patients with negative or discordant rapid tests. The second study outcome was the proportion of patients with chronic HIV infection among patients with negative or discordant rapid tests (false negative rapid test). Ninety-five per cent confidence intervals (CIs) around prevalence estimates of acute and chronic HIV infection were calculated using the binomial distribution. We evaluated the performance of rapid HIV tests compared with that of serological tests performed on venipuncture samples.

2 Two of our travelers were repatriated for car accidents during

2 Two of our travelers were repatriated for car accidents during travel. This is consistent with studies of

medical evacuation etiology. Among 504 cases of medical evacuation in Germany, traumas (ie, femoral neck fractures, cerebrocranial trauma, and multiple trauma) were the primary cause of repatriation accounting for 25% of evacuations, followed by cardiovascular diseases (ie, strokes for 14% and myocardial infarctions for 8%).5 Among 115 patients repatriated in the Netherlands from 1998 to 2002, one third of the younger patients selleck products (below 50 years) were evacuated for trauma, whereas in older patients, cardiopulmonary incidents were the most frequent causes of evacuation.6 It should be noted that exacerbation of chronic diseases was an important cause of medical repatriation

among older patients. In addition, the median duration of illness before evacuation of the German patients was 7 days (interquartile range, 4–13 days) putting them at risk of acquiring MDR bacteria when hospitalized during this period of time.5 Infection with MDR bacteria is an emerging and serious worldwide problem. In the past 10 years, many cases of MDR bacteria have been reported in various countries. For example, gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) with resistance to carbapenem conferred by NDM-1 are known to be widespread Dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase in India and Pakistan.1 These bacteria may be acquired by travelers and imported into their home country on their return. Indeed, of 1167 Dutch travelers repatriated from www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html foreign hospitals to the Netherlands, 18% were diagnosed as carriers of MDR bacteria such as MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and gentamicin-resistant gram-negative bacteria (GGNB).7 The carrier rates of MRSA, VRE, and GGNB were higher than those found in patients hospitalized in Dutch hospitals. In addition to carriers, returning travelers may also be diagnosed with

MDR bacterial infections. This mainly concerns MRSA infections.8 However, as we suggest from these episodes and other recently published studies, MDR gram-negative bacteria are also concerned.1,2 Moreover, this not only refers to repatriated hospitalized travelers but also to patients with community-acquired infections with an associated history of travel. In fact, a Canadian study showed that foreign travel was an important risk factor for developing community-acquired ESBL-producing E coli infections.9 More precisely, overseas travel above all increased the risk of ESBL-producing E coli infections by 5.7 (4.1–7.8), and this risk was higher for travelers to India (OR 145), the Middle East (OR 18), and Africa (OR 7.7). Physicians should be aware of the risk of MDR bacteria carriage among international travelers after hospitalization abroad.

By antibody and antigen tests at Rigshospitalet University Hospit

By antibody and antigen tests at Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, and Bernhard Nocht Institut, Hamburg, the patient was found negative for HSV, VZV, Enterovirus, Parechovirus, West Nile virus, Chicungunya virus, Rickettsia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tick borne encephalitis, Toxocara canis, malaria, and syphilis. Slightly elevated

Dengue virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies with identical titers were found in blood samples on days 8 and 19, but were interpreted as unspecific reactions. While blood and CSF samples drawn on day 1 of admission were negative for JE antibodies, blood samples drawn later were antibody positive: day 8 IgM 1 : 160 and immunoglobulin G (IgG) 1 : 1,280; day 19 IgM 1 : 320 and IgG 1 : 1,280; day 36 IgM negative and IgG 1 : 320. A CSF sample EPZ015666 manufacturer drawn on day 19 was antibody positive (IgM 1 : 10 and IgG 1 : 80). All samples were polymerase chain reaction negative for JE RNA (blood on days 8 and 19; CSF on days 1, 3, 8, 19, and 36). The patient gradually improved over the next couple of months although he was continuously lethargic with mild cognitive impairment and upper left extremity paresis. Four months after symptom debut he suddenly had a generalized seizure. On arrival at hospital, he went into cardiac arrest and Sirolimus supplier was declared dead. No autopsy was performed. A classical presentation

of symptomatic JE includes an incubation period of 5 to Liothyronine Sodium 15 days and 2 to 4 days of non-specific illness followed by headache, fever, rigor, gastrointestinal symptoms, and an encephalitis syndrome characterized by behavioral abnormality, alteration in sensorium, seizures, and neurological deficit in the form of hemiplegia, quadriplegia, or

cerebellar signs.1 The upper extremities are more commonly affected than the lower limbs. Bilateral thalamic lesions in encephalitis patients are highly indicative of JE.2,3 About 50% of survivors have severe neurological sequels in the form of cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormality, focal weakness, seizures, and a variety of movement disorders.1 JE virus cannot usually be isolated in primarily infected patients who instead mount an IgM antibody response. The patient’s symptoms, clinical findings, course of disease, and JE antibody response indicative of acute infection were perfectly compatible with such a classical JE presentation. The concerning thing about this case is that the patient was not at particular risk of JE. Although he had traveled to an endemic country (Cambodia), he had only been in Cambodia for 14 days, he had visited parts of Phnom Penh and Angkor Wat/Siem Reap, where pigs were not kept, and he had not had any contact with such animals. He had used mosquito repellent and had only to a lesser degree been bitten by mosquitoes. As far as we know this patient is the first JE patient among western travelers to Cambodia.

The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of γ-a

The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition, as assessed by the cortical silent period (CSP), to the generation of surround inhibition in the motor system. Eight healthy adults (five women and three men, 29.8 ± 9 years) performed isometric contractions with the abductor digiti minimi (ADM)

muscle in separate conditions with and without an index finger flexion movement. The ADM motor evoked potential amplitude and CSP duration elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were compared between a control condition in which the ADM was activated independently and during conditions involving three phases (pre-motor, phasic, and tonic) of the index finger flexion movement. The motor evoked potential amplitude of the ADM was greater during the control see more Lumacaftor concentration condition compared with the phasic condition. Thus, the presence of surround inhibition was confirmed in the present study. Most critically, the CSP duration of the ADM decreased during the phasic stage of finger flexion compared with the control condition, which indicated a reduction of this type of intracortical inhibition

during the phasic condition. These findings indicate that γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition, as measured by the duration of the CSP, does not contribute to the generation of surround inhibition in hand muscles. Surround inhibition (lateral inhibition) is a mechanism in sensory system physiology whereby the activation of a neuron is associated with decreased activity of adjacent neurons, a process that sharpens stimulus localization information

(Blakemore et al., 1970). This appears to be a fundamental neural organization pattern because it operates in every sensory system (Nabet & Pinter, 1991). In the motor system, evidence for processes analogous to surround inhibition was originally based on the abnormal movements exhibited by patients with basal ganglia disorders (Denny-Brown, 1967; Hallett & Khoshbin, 1980). Subsequently, these observations were refined into a model that proposed that the motor command consists of an excitatory component that executes a desired movement and an inhibitory component that suppresses an unwanted IKBKE movement (Mink, 1996). Recent studies have attempted to determine the presence, functional significance, and physiological mechanisms underlying surround inhibition in the motor system using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (Beck & Hallett, 2011). In these studies, surround inhibition was quantified as the reduction in the motor evoked potential (MEP) obtained from a muscle not involved in a given task. Furthermore, it was shown that surround inhibition was confined to the initiation phase of movement (Beck et al., 2008), modulated by task (Beck et al., 2009b; Shin et al.

In 2007, government subsidy in the form of a funding called the S

In 2007, government subsidy in the form of a funding called the Samaritan Fund learn more was officially available for patients in need for biological therapies but cannot afford the high cost of therapies. Patients have to meet the clinical criteria for refractory disease, together with an assessment of family income before they are eligible for consideration by the Samaritan Fund. As a result, an increasing number of patients with various rheumatic diseases have been treated with the biological agents in the past few years. In order to have surveillance

for the long-term efficacy and adverse effects of the biological agents, a registry was established in the autumn of 2005 by the Hong Kong Society of Rheumatology (HKSR). Standard data on the use and adverse events related to the use of the biological agents were regularly collected. We

hereby report the retention rates of the anti-TNFα biological agents for the treatment of various rheumatic diseases from December 2005 to July 2013, and analyze factors that are associated with withdrawal of these Bleomycin medications. The Hong Kong Biologics Registry was established in December 2005 by the HKSR with an attempt to capture efficacy and safety data regarding the use of biological agents for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The inclusion criteria were: (i) any patients with any rheumatic diseases that required treatment

4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase with the biological agents; and (ii) age ≥ 18 years. Basic demographic information, disease characteristics and the date of commencement of various biological agents were captured by means of a checklist completion by the attending rheumatologists. As the HKSR recommends a baseline assessment of the disease activity of the underlying rheumatic diseases before start of the biological agents and then every 6 months at least during their use, efficacy data are also captured by our registry. The date of discontinuation of the biological agents and reason for drug withdrawal is also recorded. Submission of data to our registry is on a voluntary basis. Missing information unrelated to physicians’ poor compliance to protocol is retrieved from the hospital patient management system by clerical staff trained for this purpose. Data collected are transcribed into an Access file for future retrieval and statistical analyses.

[1, 11-13] The higher prevalence of chronic diseases among ethnic

[1, 11-13] The higher prevalence of chronic diseases among ethnic minority populations may lead to co-morbidities and multiple drug therapies and consequently medicine-related MS-275 solubility dmso problems (MRPs).[14, 15] Patients from different cultural backgrounds may be expected to have their own perceptions and beliefs which will affect their use

of medicines. In addition, ethnic minority groups are associated with communication and language barriers, and different experiences, needs and expectations than the wider UK population which may also influence their ability to manage their medicines effectively.[16-18] Moreover, it is acknowledged in most healthcare systems that ethnic minority groups have experienced inequalities in health and in accessing healthcare services.[7, 17, 18] There has been extensive research on health problems of ethnic minority groups, especially access to care which can result in differences in health outcomes, but there has been little research which specifically examines medicines use.[19] Also, evidence suggests

that medicines-related needs may be poorly met for these groups.[14, 15, 20-23] Because the definitions of MRPs are wide and include problems ranging from prescribing errors through to obtaining supplies, monitoring for appropriateness and patient behaviours which influence their use, a broad definition of MRPs by Gordon et al.[16] was used in this review to include all these aspects. Gordon et al. defined a MRP as ‘any problem experienced by a patient that may Ipilimumab impact on their ability to manage or take their medicines effectively’.[16] The aim of this review was to establish type(s) and possible contributing factor(s) of MRPs experienced by ethnic minority populations in the UK and to identify interventions or recommendations to support these groups in their use of medicines. Electronic databases of PubMed, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstract and Scopus were searched for the period from 1990 to 2011. Reference lists of retrieved articles

and relevant review articles were manually examined for further relevant studies. A hand search of key journals: the International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacy World and Science and the Annals of Pharmacotherapy was also performed. Identifying studies of MRPs experienced by ethnic minorities in the UK presented challenges. The review commenced Carbohydrate with three main keywords: ‘medicine-related problem’, ‘ethnicity’ and ‘United Kingdom’. Lists of search terms associated with each keyword were generated from MeSH (medical subject heading) terms in PubMed and term-mapping database in Embase. The MeSH terms and map terms provide a consistent way to retrieve information that may use different terminology for the same concepts. Relevant terms were also handpicked from the literature during the course of the review.[24, 25] Keywords not listed as MeSH or map terms were searched as phrases using the free text search mode.

, 2009) In light of the potential contribution of this ionic int

, 2009). In light of the potential contribution of this ionic interaction to the initiation of infection, we further examined the nature of this process. Lactococcus lactis MG1363 (Wells, 1993) was grown at 30 °C in M17 media supplemented with 0.5% glucose. MG1363 strains containing

the plasmid pOri23 (Que et al., 2000) expression vector were grown in media supplemented with erythromycin (5 μg mL−1). Escherichia coli XL-1 (Qiagen, CA) was grown at 37 °C in LB media. XL-1 containing his-tag expression plasmid pQE30 (Qiagen) were grown in media supplemented PF-562271 with Ampicillin (100 μg mL−1). Five different previously prepared E. coli constructs using the pQE30 expression plasmid were used in this study (Arrecubieta et al., 2007). These constructs expressed different components of the SdrF B domain including sdrFrB1-4, sdrFrB1, sdrFrB2, sdrFrB3, and sdrFrB4. Staphylococcus epidermidis strain 9491, a SdrF positive strain, was also used in this study (McCrea et al., 2000; Arrecubieta et al., 2007, 2009). Staphylococcus selleck epidermidis SdrF and subclones were cloned into the expression vector pOri23 and transformed into MG1363, as described (Arrecubieta et al., 2007, 2009). The same subclones were cloned into pQE30 his-tag expression system (Qiagen) and expressed from XL-1. These proteins were purified as previously described

using His-trap columns (Pierce, IL; Arrecubieta et al., 2007). Purified proteins were biotinylated with EZ-Link NHS-LC-Biotin (Pierce). Polyclonal antibodies directed against the A and B domains

of SdrF were used as previously described (Arrecubieta Interleukin-2 receptor et al., 2007, 2009). Adherence assays were carried out in 96-well plates as previously described (Arrecubieta et al., 2007, 2009). Mid-log phase MG1363 cells were suspended in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) to a final OD600 nm = 0.1. Aliquots of 100 μL were added to the wells and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. Wells were washed with PBS, and attached cells were stained with crystal violet for direct cell counting or were recovered by three sequential 5-min treatments with Trypsin/EDTA at 37 °C and then plated on GM17 agar for cell counts (Arrecubieta et al., 2009). Three differently charged 96-well plastic plates were studied: Tissue Culture (TC), Primaria, and Polysterene (Becton Dickinson, NJ). A second type of prosthetic material frequently used in prosthetic devices, Goretex™, was also used in adherence assays. To further examine the nature of the ionic interaction, different environmental conditions were studied including pH (4.5, 7.2, and 9.5), cations (calcium, lithium, magnesium, sodium), and disruptive agents (Tween20; Sigma, St. Louis, MO) prepared in PBS (Sigma). Each experiment was performed at least three times, and each time point was performed in triplicate. Data were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. A value of P < 0.

Awareness and use of these services were generally poor but highe

Awareness and use of these services were generally poor but higher in over 65′s and regular prescribed medicine users, while acceptance increased significantly following participation. Greater publicity for pharmacy-based medicines-related advisory services is required, as previous experience is a major factor influencing uptake. Medicines Use Review (MUR) was introduced in England and Wales as a nationally contracted advanced pharmacy service in 2005. In

2011 the New Medicines Service (NMS) was introduced in England along with changes requiring community pharmacists to target at least 50% of MURs to high see more risk patients.1 It is uncertain whether these pharmacy-based medicines-related services are being fully utilised by the public. This study therefore aimed to assess

public awareness of medicines-related advisory services provided by community pharmacists and the public willingness to use these. Street surveys were conducted with 100 participants at High Street locations in each of ten towns across Kent. Quota sampling ensured the sample was representative of the local population in terms of age/gender based on 2011 Kent population census data. Inclusion criteria: adults (≥18 years); excluded: health care professionals and trainees. A validated questionnaire2 GSK458 solubility dmso was adapted using data obtained from two focus groups with the public concentrating on medicines-related services. Questions included previous use of medicines-related services, awareness and willingness to use these services. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test for differences between sub-groups

(SPSS v20). University research ethics approval was granted. A thousand participants were recruited: 52.6%(n = 526) female, 28.0%(n = 280) aged 34 years or under, 50.2%(n = 502) aged 35 to 64 years and 21.8%(n = 218) 65 years or over. Just over half (50.9%, n = 509) visit a pharmacy at least once a month, 60.5%(n = 605) use regular prescribed medicine and 69.0%(n = 690) would consider using pharmacies for advice on medication issues. Experiences of receiving advice on medicines in a private consultation room were broadly similar for advice on any medicine collected (28.8%, n = 288), a new medicine (19.4%, n = 194) Rucaparib price or a review of medicines (25.2%, n = 252). Awareness of the national medicines-related advisory services was low, only 8.6%(n = 86) having heard of NMS and 18.3%(n = 183) MUR although this was significantly higher among participants aged 65 years or over and those taking regular medicines (p < 0.001). Overall, the majority of participants were willing to use the three national medicines-related services: 69.7%(n = 697) advice about a new medicine, 65.5%(n = 655) advice after hospital discharge and 68.5%(n = 685) a general medicines review.