Increased expression of all genes listed suggests that the tolC mutant strain may be metabolically more active. Nevertheless, the tolC mutant forms less biomass as seen in Fig. 1. This apparent contradiction

can be explained if stress inflicted by cell envelope perturbations due to the absence of functional TolC protein results in a higher ATP turnover. Additional ATP would be consumed to maintain cell homeostasis and not to form biomass. It is also a formal possibility that perturbations to the cell envelope may reduce the proton electrochemical gradient, negatively affecting ATP synthesis and therefore creating the need to increase the expression of genes related to energy metabolism. GDC 0032 mouse Figure 5 Altered pathways selleck products and phenotypes on the dependence of tolC mutation in S. meliloti as depicted from the expression data. Arrows represent processes/pathways whose genes displayed increased expression and blocked arrows decreased expression in absence of a functional TolC protein. IM, inner membrane; OM, outer membrane. Due to the general increase in expression of genes involved in translation,

it was not surprising to see increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in amino acid and cofactors biosynthesis in the tolC mutant (Fig. 5). Regarding cofactor biosynthesis we observed an increased expression in the tolC mutant of genes encoding enzymes for thiamine (thiE2, nifS), folate (folBCE, exsC), riboflavin (ribADEH), nicotinate and nicotimanide metabolism (nadABC, pntBAaAb), as well as genes panBC, coaAD, ilvCD2HI and acpS encoding enzymes www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-0332991.html required for pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. Regarding amino acid metabolism by the tolC mutant there was an increased expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the majority of them. These included serAB, glyA, SMc04029, lysC, asd, thrABC1, metAZHK, sda and metK1K2 for L-serine, L-glycine, L-threonine, L-methionine selleck chemicals and L-cysteine biosynthesis; the genes leuBD, ilvCD2E1HI

and pdhAaAb encoding enzymes for the synthesis of L-isoleucine, L-valine and L-leucine; the gene ald (Table 1) encoding an alanine dehydrogenase oxidoreductase synthesizing L-alanine from ammonia and pyruvate; the genes aroABCEFKQ, pheAAa, trpABDEF, tatA, tyrC, and aatAB encoding enzymes for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan and genes hisABC1C2DEFGHIZ for the biosynthesis of L-histidine. Contrastingly, hutGHH2U genes involved in L-histidine degradation had more than 7-fold decreased expression (Table 2). Genes encoding enzymes for the biosynthesis of amino acid lysine (lysAC, asd, dapAA3BDF) had increased expression and those for degradation reduced expression levels (SMb21181, fadAB, phbA). Genes encoding urea cycle enzymes are argBDEJ, arcA1A2B and argF1GH1H2.

19) FOR No specified conception on project level   FOR investigated the effects of climate

change on Swiss forests. To the question “is there any sort of forest ideal that would play a role in the project?” it was stated: “For our project not really. Well I think people that see the forest as a working forest will probably have their visions of how the ACP-196 concentration forest should best look like. But for the project, it’s not really, it doesn’t play a big role” (FOR 1, p. 10) POLL Environment–development combination: sustainable land use in the Indian Kodagu region stands for a functioning, diverse landscape, containing enough natural areas for conserving biodiversity while providing important (pollination) ecosystem services for productive agricultural systems A1 (A2), B2 Biodiversity conservation and its potential benefit to crop production were at the core of the project’s underlying selleck compound notion of sustainable land use, which was embedded in the greater vision “to manage the landscape in a manner that is delivering not just secure livelihoods for the people who are living MS-275 research buy in this area, but also securing the well-being of the (…) biodiversity and the land cover, but also the esthetics of the

landscape” (POLL 2, p. 4) LIV Environment–development combination: a more sustainable development in the Madagascan Manompana corridor comprises local people using the forests (i.e., its products) without clearing them, and using the cleared agricultural land efficiently so that food production is sufficient. The context offers well-regulated land rights and income generating alternatives to agriculture. A minimal level of wellbeing is reached, replacing acute poverty A1, A3, B1, B2 LIV’s sustainability conception concerned a region with rapid forest decline, characterized by subsistence economy and acute poverty among local people. The interviewee added to this rather concrete vision: “my goal is actually to shape the agricultural planning in such a way that in all these different aspects,

as little as possible changes to the negative for the local population. And at the same time for the forest” (LIV, p. 12/13) PALM Environment–development combination: In the investigated Indonesian region, Thiamine-diphosphate kinase a sustainable development contains an oilpalm development that allows local smallholders to reach and maintain a decent standard of living in a self-determined way, and at the same time preserves the forests A1 (A3), B1, B4 PALM was concerned with oil palm development in Indonesia. With regard to core characteristics of a sustainable land use, the interviewee said: “I think it has to be something that you can support by itself. So it’s not something that relies too much on outside inputs. It can support by itself and people and not, what do you call that? “propertied” people and not make poor because of it.

Louis, MO, USA). Commercially available paclitaxel (Cremophor EL:ethanol) was manufactured by

Bristol-Myers Squibb (New York, NY, USA). Other chemicals were either made in-house (Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA) or purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The water purification system used was a Millipore Milli-Q system (Billerica, MA, USA). Powder X-ray diffraction pattern and particle size determination Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were recorded at room temperature with a Rigaku (The Woodlands, TX, USA) MiniFlex II desktop X-ray powder diffractometer. Radiation of Cu Kα at 30 kV and −15 mA was used with 2θ increment rate of 3°/min. The scans were run over a range of 2° to 40° 2θ with a step size of 0.02° and a step time of 2 s. Powder samples were placed on a flat silicon

zero background sample holder. The particle size distribution of the nanosuspension was measured PF299804 cost by using a Nanotrac (Montgomeryville, PA, USA) instrument. Triplicates were measured for each sample, and the average was used for the final particle size distribution. The particle size distribution was calculated based on the Ruxolitinib supplier general purpose (normal sensitivity) analysis model and the following refractive indices (RIs): particle RI, 1.58; absorption, 1.0; and dispersant RI, 1.38. Formulation preparation for paclitaxel IV SB203580 crystalline nanosuspension and stability evaluation A bench scale wet milling method was developed for particle size reduction and has been previously described [33]. Briefly, a paclitaxel stock nanosuspension formulation (20 mg/mL) was prepared by mixing paclitaxel with an appropriate amount of glass beads and vehicle containing 0.1% (w/w)

Cremophor EL in phosphate saline (pH 7.4) in a scintillation vial. The mixture was stirred at 1,200 rpm for a period of 24 h with occasional Reverse transcriptase shaking. The resulting stock formulation was diluted to the target concentration with vehicle and then harvested. Paclitaxel concentrations were verified by a HPLC assay. Analysis of milled paclitaxel particles was performed using a Nanotrac (Montgomeryville, PA, USA) instrument. An assessment of form change in pre- and post-milling samples was performed using PXRD. The rate of dissolution of paclitaxel in nanosuspension is expected to be higher compared to regular suspension due to the reduction of particle size. The Noyes and Whitney equation (Equation 1) was used in order to assess the impact of particle size reduction on dissolution rate and is described as follows: (1) where dC/dt is the dissolution rate, D is the solute diffusion coefficient, V is the volume of the dissolution medium, h d is the diffusion boundary thickness, S is the surface area of the solute, C s is the saturation solubility of the solute, and C t (t) is the bulk solute concentration.

A relatively narrow concept of Pleospora was accepted GSK872 by Crivelli (1983), and four species was assigned under the separate genus Cilioplea, viz. C. coronata, C. genisticola (Fautrey & Lambotte) Crivelli, C. kansensis (Ellis & Everh.) Crivelli and C. nivalis (Niessl) Crivelli. Subsequently, another six species were added (Barr 1990b, 1992b). Currently, ten species are included under Cilioplea. Phylogenetic study None. Concluding remarks The most striking character of Cilioplea is its Torin 1 mw setose papilla,

which has been shown to have no phylogenetic significance in Lentitheciaceae (Zhang et al. 2009a). Cilioplea was assigned under Lophiostomataceae (Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2007), but there is little morphological similarity with the Lophiostomataceae

sensu stricto (Zhang et al. 2009a). Thus its familial placement needs further study. Crivellia Shoemaker & Inderb., in Inderbitzin, Shoemaker, O’Neill, Turgeon & Berbee, Can. J. Bot. 84: 1308 (2006). (Pleosporaceae) Generic description Habitat terrestrial, hemibiotrophic or parasitic. Ascomata small- to medium-sized, scattered, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, papillate, ostiolate. Peridium thin, composed of two cells types, outer cells of thick walled and textura angularis, inner cells thin-walled, yellow. Hamathecium of dense, long and thin pseudoparaphyses. Asci (4-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel and an ocular chamber. Ascospores fusoid to broadly fusoid, pale brown, septate, sometimes with one or two vertical

septa in the middle cells, constricted at CYC202 clinical trial the septa. Anamorphs reported for genus: Brachycladium (Inderbitzin et al. 2006). Literature: Inderbitzin et al. 2006. Type species Crivellia papaveracea (De Not.) Shoemaker & Inderb., Can. J. Bot. 84: 1308 (2006). (Fig. 24) Fig. 24 Crivellia papareracea (from UBC F14995, epitype). a Gregarious Paclitaxel ascomata immersed within the host surface. b Section of an ascoma. c Asci within pseudoparaphyses. d Cylindrical ascus with a short pedicel. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 100 μm, c, d = 20 μm ≡ Cucurbitaria papaveracea De Not., Sfer. Ital.: 62 (1863). Ascomata 210–260 μm high × 300–380 μm diam., densely scattered, immersed, erumpent to nearly superficial, flattened globose, dark brown, papillate, ostiolate (Fig. 24a). Peridium 25–30 μm thick, thicker near the apex and thinner at the base, composed of two cell types, outer cells of thick-walled and textura angularis, cells up to 10 × 5 μm diam., cell wall 2–4 μm thick, inner cells thin-walled, yellow (Fig. 24b). Hamathecium of dense, long, 1–2 μm broad, rarely septate pseudoparaphyses. Asci 85–125 × 10–13 μm (\( \barx = 106 \times 11\mu \textm \), n = 10), (4-)8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate dehiscence not observed, broadly cylindrical to cylindrical, with a short, furcate pedicel, with a relatively large ocular chamber (Fig. 24c and d). Ascospores (16-)19–24 × 5–7.

05). In contrast, the IC50 and the RI of 4T1/HA117 cells was higher than that of 4T1/MDR1 cells for P-gp non-substrate drugs and the difference was statistically

significant (P < 0.05). This result supported our earlier finding that 4T1/HA117 and 4T1/MDR1 cells exhibit increased resistance to anticancer drugs. Table 1 IC50 (μg/ml) for ADM, VCR, Taxol and BLM in 4T1, 4T1/HA117, 4T1/MDR1 and 4T1/GFP cells.   ADM VCR Taxol BLM Cell lines IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. IC 50 (μg/ml) R.I. 4T1 0.4159 ± 0.0791 1 0.4775 ± 0.0757 1 0.0294 ± 0.0058 1 0.4789 ± 0.1104 1 4T1/HA117 **8.2369 ± 1.9458 19.8050 **4.3292 OTX015 datasheet ± 0.4452 9.0663 **0.2859 ± 0.0479 9.7245 *1.7073 ± 0.4062 3.5650 4T1/MDR1 **10.0746 ± 1.0684 24.2236 **5.2754 ± 1.0974 11.0480 **0.3050 ± 0.1067 10.3741 0.4612 ± 0.0733 0.9630 4T1/GFP 0.5126 ± 0.1547 1.2325 0.4508 ± 0.1193 0.9441 0.0292 ± 0.0016 0.9932 0.4924 ± 0.1172 1.0282 Values are shown as the mean ± SD. ADM: Adriamycin; VCR: A 1155463 vincristine; Taxol: paclitaxel; BLM: bleomycin. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 compared to the respective control group. Discussion MDR is a phenomenon whereby tumor cells exposed to one cytotoxic agent develop cross-resistance to a range of structurally and functionally

unrelated compounds. The exact mechanism of MDR in cancer cells is still under investigation, but many MDR-associated genes have been identified, as mentioned earlier [2–7]. The MDR of breast cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs has been linked to the over-expression of cell-surface P-gp, with more than 40% of breast cancers over-expressing P-gp [12]. P-gp is a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transporters that are known to confer cross-resistance to a variety of structurally unrelated cytotoxic drugs, such as anthracycline, taxanes, Sirolimus cost vinca alkaloids and other drugs widely used for cancer treatment [13–15]. Based upon these findings, we chose to investigate the effects of P-gp substrate (ADM, VCR and Taxol)

and P-gp non-substrate (BLM) drugs on the survival of MDR1 and HA117 transducted cells. ATRA, been a differentiation-inducing chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and often induces complete remission in most APL and AML patients [16–18]. However, clinical experience has shown that patients treated with ATRA alone does not remain on long-term remission and can in fact develop ATRA-resistant APL or AML [19]. The exact mechanism of ATRA resistance is still unknown, although many researchers have reported that resistance is learn more caused by a point mutation in the PML/RARα fusion gene or by up-regulation of meningioma-1 gene (MN1) [20–22].

PubMedCrossRef 16. Buée M, Reich M, Murat C, Morin E, Nilsson RH, Uroz S, Martin F: 454 Pyrosequencing analyses of forest soils reveal an unexpectedly high fungal diversity. New Phytol 2009, 184:449–456.PubMedCrossRef 17. Leinster T, Cobbold CA: Measuring diversity: the importance of species similarity. Ecology 2012, 93:477–489.PubMedCrossRef 18. Chao A, Chiu C-H, Jost L: Phylogenetic diversity measures based on Hill numbers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010, 365:3599–3609.PubMedCrossRef https://www.selleckchem.com/products/emricasan-idn-6556-pf-03491390.html 19. Hill MO: Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 1973, 54:427–432.CrossRef 20. Jost L: Entropy and diversity. Oikos

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genomes using RNA-Seq. Bioinf 2011, 27:2325–2329.CrossRef 29. Edgar RC: Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinf 2010, 26:2460–2461.CrossRef 30. Emerson JB, Thomas BC, Andrade K, Allen EE, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF: Dynamic viral populations in hypersaline systems as revealed by metagenomic assembly. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012, 78:6309–6320.PubMedCrossRef 31. Emerson JB, Andrade K, Thomas BC, Norman A, Allen EE, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF: Virus-host and CRISPR dynamics in archaea-dominated Hypersaline Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, Australia. Archaea 2013, 2013:370871.PubMedCrossRef 32. Emerson JB, Thomas BC, Andrade K, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF: New approaches indicate constant viral diversity despite shifts in assemblage structure in an Australian hypersaline lake. Appl Environ Microbiol In Press 33.

Annu Rev Phytopathol 34:457–477PubMed Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, Louisiana Monard C, Gantner

S, Stenlid J (2013) Utilizing ITS1 and ITS2 to study environmental fungal diversity using pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 84:165–175PubMed Murali TS, Suryanarayanan TS, Geeta R (2006) Endophytic Phomopsis species: host range and implications see more for diversity estimates. Can J Microbiol 52:673–680PubMed Nilsson RH, Kristiansson E, Ryberg M, Hallenberg N, Larsson KH (2008) Intraspecific ITS variability in the kingdom Fungi as expressed in the international sequence databases and its implications for molecular species identification. Evol Bioinform 4:193–201 Nilsson RH, Hyde KD, Pawłowska J, Ryberg M, GSK2126458 Tedersoo L et al. (2014). Improving ITS sequence data for identification of plant pathogenic fungi. Fungal Divers. In Press, doi:10.​1007/​s13225-014-0291-8 Nitschke T (1870) Pyrenomycetes Germanici 2:245 Breslau.

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50, P = 0.001) (Figure  1) and the percent Depsipeptide cell line change in fat mass (r = 0.44, P < 0.001) and significantly and negatively related to fluid intake (r = -0.54, P < 0.05) (Figure  1) and percent change in plasma urea (r = -0.53, P < 0.05). Men’s’ absolute ranking in the race was not related to changes in plasma [Na+], or percent

changes in urine specific gravity (P > 0.05). Changes in body mass were significantly and negatively related to the number of achieved kilometers during the 24 hours also in women (r = -0.80, P < 0.001). Their absolute ranking during the race was significantly and positively related to the change in body mass (r = 0.70, P < 0.05), the percent change in body mass (r = 0.77, P < 0.05) (Figure  1), and significantly and negatively related Afatinib price to fluid intake (r = -0.73, P < 0.05) (Figure  1) during the race. Women’ absolute ranking in the race was not related to percent change in fat mass, or percent change in urine specific gravity (P > 0.05). Changes in body composition with regard to anthropometric, urine and blood measurements The correlation matrix of post-race body mass, change in body mass, percent change in body mass, post-race fat mass, percent LY2606368 change in fat mass, percent change in extracellular fluid and percent change in plasma urea for men is shown

in Table  4. The correlation matrix of change in body mass, percent change in body mass and percent change in fat mass for women is presented in Table  5. Table 4 Correlation matrix of PR BM, ΔBM, %ΔBM, PR FM, %ΔFM, %ΔECF and %Δ plasma urea

for men (n = 37) PR BM 0.20 0.33* 0.63** 0.17 0.35* -0.10 ΔBM 0.99** 0.19 0.30 0.88** -0.44 %ΔBM 0.53* 0.33* 0.83** -0.50* PR FM 0.45** L-gulonolactone oxidase 0.29 -0.53* %ΔFM -0.05 -0.31 %ΔEXW -0.52* %ΔPU PR BM – post-race body mass, ΔBM – change in body mass, %ΔBM – percent change in body mass, PR FM – post-race body mass, %ΔFM – percent change in fat mass, %ΔECF – percent change in extracellular fluid, %Δ plasma urea – percent change in plasma urea. Output file contain both the Pearson’s r values and the scatter plot, one star (*) above the Pearson value represents significance level P < 0.05, two stars (**) P < 0.001. Table 5 The correlation matrix of ΔBM, %ΔBM and %ΔFM for women (n = 12) ΔBM 0.99** 0.35 %ΔBM 0.36 %ΔFM ΔBM – change in body mass, %ΔBM – percent change in body mass, %ΔFM – percent change in fat mass. Output file contain both the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the scatter plot, one star (*) above the Spearman value represents significance level P < 0.05, two stars (**) P < 0.01. In male ultra-MTBers (n = 37) body mass decreased significantly during the race by 2.0 ± 1.6 kg, equal to 2.6 ± 2.1% (P < 0.001) (Table  2, also Figure  2). Fat mass decreased significantly by 1.4 ± 1.2 kg (P < 0.001), percent body fat decreased significantly by 1.4 ± 1.4% (P < 0.001), whereas skeletal muscle mass decreased non-significantly by 0.6 ± 2.7% (P > 0.05) (Table  2, also Figure  2).

Cyst formation https://www.selleckchem.com/products/E7080.html might be due to depletion of nutrients exhausting by dividing protozoa. The presence of L. monocytogenes significantly accelerated protozoan encystment. Thus, on day 7 a four-fold this website increase in cyst concentration compared to the control culture was observed (p < 0.05). By the end of week 2 at least twice as more cysts compared to control and no vegetative cells were revealed in association with L. monocytogenes. To examine whether the observed effects are characteristic for wild type L. monocytogenes and were not associated with specific toxicity of the EGDe strain, four additional L. monocytogenes strains were tested. The previously described wild type strains

VIMVR081, VIMVW039, VIMHA034, and VIMVF870 isolated from a wild

rodent, environment, human, and food, respectively, were used [5]. All L. monocytogenes strains tested reduced trophozoite concentrations on day 7 (Figure Selleck Fosbretabulin 3). In contrast, the number of cysts increased in the co-culture. Thus, wild type L. monocytogenes caused mortality and induced encystment in T. pyriformis. Figure 3 The effect of various L. monocytogenes strains on the T. pyriformis population. T. pyriformis trophozoite (while columns) and cyst (black columns) concentrations are shown on day 7 of co-cultivation with various L. monocytogenes strains designated on the figure, or without bacteria (w/o bacteria). The mean values ± SE from two experiments made in triplicate are shown.*

p < 0,05; **p < 0,005. LLO absence diminishes L. monocytogenes cytotoxic effect on T. pyriformis and prevents induction of protozoan encystment Using LLO specific antibodies, we observed that LLO expression was low but detectable in the conditions used (the LB broth at 28°C) (Figure 4A). Therefore, these conditions permitted us to examine a LLO contribution into the interactions between L. monocytogenes and T. pyriformis. Figure 4 Changes in the T. pyriformis population in the co-culture with L. monocytogenes in dependence on L. monocytogenes LLO production. A. Detection of LLO in the culture supernatant of L. monocytogenes grown in the LB broth at 28°C. Proteins from 0,5 ml were loaded in each lane. On the left, secreted proteins are separated onto 10 % SDS-PAGE gel and visualized new by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250; on the right, Western blot analysis of secreted proteins with LLO-specific antiserum; 1 – wild type EGDe strain; 2 – EGDeΔhly strain carrying the vector pTRKL2; 3 – EGDeΔhly strain carrying the plasmid pHly. Numbers show molecular weight standard positions. The arrow shows a LLO position (MWLLO 58 kDa). B. Trophozoite (left) and cyst (right) concentrations related to LLO production: designations for columns are shown on the figure. The mean values ± SE from two experiments made in triplicate are shown. * p < 0,05.

After this incubation, the cell suspension was made up to 1 mL with sterile water. Analysis was performed using an EPICS XL-MCL flow cytometer (Beckman-Coulter, USA) equipped with an argon-ion laser emitting a 488 nm beam at 15 mW. An acquisition protocol was defined after measuring background fluorescence from non-treated BY4741 S. cerevisiae strain, and Δssd1 cells treated with 30 μM FITC-PAF26. Data (20,000 cells/sample) were

analyzed with the Expo32 software included in the system acquisition. Acknowledgements S. cerevisiae strain RAY3A and derivatives were kindly provided by Dr. buy XAV-939 José I. Ibeas (Centro Andaluz de Biologia del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain) to whom we also selleckchem acknowledge suggestions to the work. We acknowledge the Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain) and M. Dolores Gómez from its microscopy core facility for the use of the confocal microscope. We also acknowledge Drs. José E. Perez-Ortín and José García-Martínez (Laboratory of DNA Chips, Universitat de Valencia, Spain) for advice and suggestions with the macroarray hybridizations and analyses. We appreciate the technical assistance of M. José Pascual (IATA-CSIC), and

the critical review of Adokiye Berepiki (University of Edinburgh, UK). The work was funded by grants BIO2006-09523 and BIO2009-12919 from the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain) and ACOMP/2009/080 from Generalitat Valenciana. BLG was hired by the “”Ramón y Cajal”"

program (MEC, Spain), and MG by the JAE-DOC postdoc program (CSIC). Electronic GSK621 nmr supplementary material Additional file 1: Sensitivity of S. cerevisiae strains to peptides PAF26 and Melittin. Sensitivity assays of S. cerevisiae strains RAY3A, BWG7a, FY1679, Depsipeptide solubility dmso and BY4741 (105 or 104 CFU/mL) to different concentrations of peptides PAF26 and Melittin, at two different assay temperatures. (PDF 444 KB) Additional file 2: Transcriptome analysis of S. cerevisiae FY1679 after exposure to peptides PAF26 and Melittin. Excel File showing the annotation, signal intensity, processing and statistical significance of expression change for each DNA probe in the GPL4565 array. (XLS 4 MB) Additional file 3: Representative S. cerevisiae genes that change expression after exposure to peptides PAF26 and Melittin. Excel File showing lists of genes with the most significant induction/repression that are common or specific after exposure to peptides PAF26 and/or Melittin. (XLS 72 KB) Additional file 4: Non-redundant global GO annotation analyses of S. cerevisiae genes differentially expressed upon peptide treatment. Excel File showing lists of GO annotation terms significantly over- or under-represented among genes induced or repressed after exposure to peptides PAF26 and/or Melittin. (XLS 414 KB) Additional file 5: Sensitivity of gene deletion mutants of S.