There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in alpha 3 subunit immunoreactivity (IR) in the neuropil of FL cortical layer V of the P14 and P21-28 groups that extended up to 360 mu m from the border of the microgyrus, an area that typically exhibits evoked epileptiform activity. Alpha-3 was decreased in the perisomatic area of pyramidal but not parvalbumin-containing cells in P21-28 FL

animals. A reduction in alpha 3 mRNA was observed in the neuropil of FL cortical layer V up to 1610 mu m from the microgyral edge. The developmental time course for expression of the alpha 3 subunit between P7 and P60 was examined in naive MX69 supplier rat cortices and results showed that there was a significant increase in alpha 3 IR between P7 and P10. The significant decreases in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in the paramicrogyral cortex may contribute to epileptogenesis. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A new protein expression vector design utilizing an N-terminal six-histidine tag and tobacco etch virus protease cleavage site upstream of the hepatitis C virus NS5A sequence has resulted in a more straightforward purification method and improved yields of purified NS5A domain I protein. High-resolution diffracting crystals of NS5A domain I (amino acids 33 to 202) [NS5A(33-202)] were obtained by using detergent additive crystallization screens, leading to the structure of a homodimer which is organized differently from that published previously (T.

L. Tellinghuisen, J. Marcotrigiano, and C. M. Rice, Nature 435: 374-379, 2005) yet is consistent with a membrane association model for NS5A. The monomer-monomer selleckchem interface of NS5A(33-202) features an extensive buried surface area involving the most-highly conserved face of each monomer. The two alternate structural forms of domain I now available may be indicative of the multiple roles emerging for NS5A in viral RNA replication and viral particle assembly.”
“Diabetic encephalopathy is characterized by impaired cognitive functions DOK2 that appear to underlie neuronal damage triggered by glucose driven oxidative stress. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic brain may initiate structural and functional changes in synaptosomal membranes. The objective of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective role of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in hyperglycemia-induced alterations in lipid composition and activity of membrane bound enzymes (Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-ATPase) in the rodent model of type 1 diabetes. Male Wistar rats weighing between 180 and 200 g were rendered diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). The diabetic animals were administered NAC (1.4-1.5 g/kg body weight) for eight weeks and lipid composition along with membrane fluidity were determined. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in cerebral cortex of diabetic rats.

“
“Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels selleck (HCN) are responsible for the functional hyperpolarization-activated current (I-h) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. We studied HCN1-4 channel mRNA and protein expression and correlated these findings with I-h functional properties in rat DRG neurons of different size. Quantitative RT-PCR (TaqMan) analysis demonstrated that HCN2 and HCN1 mR-NAs were more abundantly expressed in large diameter (5580 mu m) neurons, while HCN3 mRNA was preferentially expressed in small diameter (20-30 mu m) neurons. HCN4 mRNA expression was very low in neurons of all sizes. At the protein

level, subunit-selective polyclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence indicated that HCN1 and HCN3 are present in large diameter neurons and small diameter neurons. Staining in small diameter neurons

was in IB4-positive (non-peptidergic) and IB4-negative (peptidergic) cells. HCN2 immunofluorescent staining was heterogeneous and predominantly in large diameter neurons and in small diameter IB4-negative neurons. HCN4 was poorly expressed in all neurons. Verubecestat clinical trial Functionally, I-h amplitude and density were significantly larger, and activation kinetics faster, in large diameter neurons when compared with small neurons. I-h activation rates in small and large diameter DRG neurons were consistent with the relative abundance of HCN subunits in the respective cell type, considering the reported HCN channel activation rates in heterologous systems (HCN1>HCN2 similar to HCN3>HCN4), suggesting exclusivity of roles of different HCN subunits contributing to the excitability of DRG neurons of different size. Additionally, a functional role of I-h in small DRG neuron excitability was evaluated using a computational model. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare vascular proliferative disorder, which most commonly involves the skin of the head and neck regions. Noncutaneous localization of this pathology is unusual, and its primary localization in large arteries presenting as

a pulsatile mass is extremely rare. We report here two cases of ALHE manifested as masses of the occipital and brachial artery. ALHE should be considered in the differential Erlotinib datasheet diagnosis of localized peripheral arterial masses in young patients.”
“The A7 catecholamine cell group consists of noradrenergic (NAergic) neurons that project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Here, we characterized their morphology and physiology properties and tested the effect of substance P (Sub-P) on them, since the results of many morphological studies suggest that A7 neurons are densely innervated by Sub-P-releasing terminals from nuclei involved in the descending inhibitory system, such as the lateral hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray area.

Together, cytoplasmic localization and its link with protein stability correlate with the ability of APOBEC3H to inhibit HIV replication, providing a mechanistic basis for the differential antiviral activities of different APOBEC3H haplotypes.”
“In

3 Methyladenine the present study, we have used a combination of 2-DE and MS to isolate and characterize two variants of the mitochondrial complex I subunit NDUFA10 from Wistar rat brain. Extensive MS/MS analysis revealed that a D/N substitution at position 120 resulting from a 353A/G transition in the coding gene is the biochemical difference between the two most abundant NDUFA10 isoforms. Moreover, 33 modifications of distinct chemical nature targeting 59 specific residues were found to be common to the acidic and basic forms. Positions C67, H149 and H322 of NDUFA10 were specially targeted by different modifications suggesting the high reactivity of these residues and their potential implication in the regulation of the protein function. Together with nonenzymatic modifications that can form in the sample isolation and

workup, steps, such as oxidation of methionine, tryptophan, cysteine and histidine, click here we describe amino acid variants of unknown chemical structure that must be further characterized, as well as accumulation of R, K and H methylations and probably K acetylations at the C-terminal region that might play a role

in the control of NDUFA10 activity according to similar mechanisms to those described for histones.”
“Cellular responses to environmental or physiological cues rely on transduction pathways that must ensure discrimination between different signals. These cascades ‘crosstalk’ and lead to a combinatorial regulation. This often results in different combinations of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on target proteins, which might act as a molecular barcode. Although appealing, the idea of the existence of such a code for transcription factors is debated. Using general arguments and recent evidence, we propose that a PTM code is not only possible but necessary in the context of transcription factors regulating multiple processes. tuclazepam Thus, the coding potential of PTM combinations should both provide a further layer of information integration from several transduction pathways and warrant highly specific cellular outputs.”
“In Parkinson’s disease, subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons burst fire with increased periodicity and synchrony. This may entail abnormal release of glutamate, the major source of which in STN is cortical afferents. Indeed, the cortico-subthalamic pathway is implicated in the emergence of excessive oscillations, which are reduced, as are symptoms, by dopamine-replacement therapy or deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeted to STN.

A similar increase was not observed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from a patient with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID). Treatment with anakinra completely resolved the symptoms and lesions.”
“Purpose: We determined whether laparoscopic nephrectomy confers improved health related quality of life in the early postoperative period compared with open nephrectomy.

Materials and Methods: Patients undergoing open or laparoscopic nephrectormy Selleckchem PF299804 were prospectively recruited. Patients completed the Comorbidity Symptom Scale preoperatively as well as the SF-36 (R) quality of life health survey and pain visual analog scale preoperatively, and 2 days and

1 month postoperatively.

Results: A total of 100 patients were recruited, of whom 71 completed all questionnaires, including 38 in the laparoscopic group and 33 in the open group. In the 2 groups mean patient age was the same (56.8 years) and there was a similar sex distribution. The laparoscopic group had improved quality of

life scores with significantly higher physical component scores 1 month postoperatively vs the open group (-5.7% vs -22.2%, p = 0.009). The laparoscopic group also had significantly higher mental component scores 2 days postoperatively vs the open group compared to baseline (6.0% vs -6.6%, p = 0.009). The laparoscopic group had significantly lower pain visual analog scale MK-0518 molecular weight scores 1 month postoperatively compared to baseline. Patients with higher Comorbidity Symptom Scale scores were more likely to undergo a laparoscopic approach (p = 0.036). Despite this they had a significantly shorter hospital stay (4 vs 6 days, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Quality of life benefits of laparoscopic over open nephrectomy were found in the early postoperative period despite

more MAPK inhibitor comorbidities in the laparoscopic group. This provides further evidence of the benefits of the laparoscopic approach over open surgery.”
“Purpose: C-reactive protein has been shown to be a prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma. We developed a new prediction model including C-reactive protein in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Materials and Methods: This study is based on 2 cohorts of Japanese patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma, including 249 for evaluating prognostic factors and developing the prediction model, and 290 for external validation. Analyzed factors included TNM classification, tumor size, Fuhrman nuclear grade, tumor necrosis and preoperative serum C-reactive protein (cutoff 0.5 mg/dl). We developed a scoring model based on multivariate analysis to predict cancer specific survival. Predictive ability of the model was evaluated using the concordance index.

Results: Multivariate analysis showed that pT stage, lymph node involvement, distant metastasis, tumor necrosis and C-reactive protein were independent predictors of cancer specific survival.

006). The hospital stay

was comparable, with 6 days (range, 2-27) for double-vessel TECAB and 6 days (range, 2-33) for single-vessel TECAB (P = .794). Perioperative mortality was 0.3% (1/334) with single-vessel TECAB and 2.0% (3/150) with double-vessel TECAB (P = .090). Freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebral events at 5 years was similar after double-and single-vessel TECAB (73.5% vs 83.1%, P = .150). The 5-year survival was 95.8% and 93.9% (P = .708).

Conclusions: Double-vessel TECAB appears feasible and reproducible. The operative times were longer and the conversion rates to a larger thoracic incision were greater selleck screening library than with single-vessel TECAB. Also, the postoperative ventilation time was longer. Other perioperative morbidity and mortality and the recovery time and long-term clinical outcomes, however, were comparable. (J Thorac Cardiovasc PF477736 in vivo Surg 2012;144:1061-6)”
“In acute symptomatic vertebrobasilar artery stenosis, the use of mechanical recanalisation remains controversial. The complication rate of acute interventional recanalisation (aIR) has to be considered, as evidence from randomised trials is lacking. In a single centre retrospective case series, we

here describe complications and outcome after aIR.

We retrospectively assessed aIR in a tertiary care centre and included the following parameters: indication for aIR, national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) score on admission, recanalisation by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction score (TIMI) grades, post-interventional complications, mortality, NIHSS and modified Rankin scale at follow-up and rate of restenosis.

We identified 14 aIR (14 percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without stent implantation in 12 patients; 6/12 with thrombolysis; n = 6 vertebral artery, n = 8 basilar artery; 4 women, mean age 67 years). Mortality was 25 % (3/12) after 7 days and 42 % (5/12) after 12 months. In 12/14, interventions are complete (TIMI 3, 86 %), in 2/14,

a partial recanalisation (TIMI 2, 14 %) was achieved. In one case, a peri-interventional fatal intracerebral haemorrhage occurred (1/12, 8 %). At late follow-up (mean 342 days), one re-occlusion 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (1/7, 14 %) and one recurrent stroke (1/12, 8 %) were observed.

In our single centre series of vertebrobasilar aIR recanalisation rate was high. However, procedural safety and clinical outcome varied considerably. The results of aIR need to be assessed in multicentric registers to define the procedural risk and outcome in the clinical setting.”
“Purpose: Hemoglobin (Hb) depletion with nickel affinity chromatography has been shown to increase the number of proteins identified in proteomic studies of erythrocytes, but limited data exist on the application of this technique in depletion of Hb from plasma or serum required for clinical biomarker studies.

Keeping the dimensionality as low as possible reduces computational time and makes models more intuitively comprehensible; however, the ability to test full 3D models will build greater confidence in models generally and remains an important emerging area of cell biological modeling.”
“A novel pentameric structure which differs from the previously reported tetrameric form of the diarrhea-inducing region of the rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 is reported here. A significant feature of this pentameric form is the absence of the calcium ion PI3K inhibitor located in the core region of the tetrameric structures. The

lysis of cells, the crystallization of the region spanning residues 95 to 146 of NSP4 (NSP4(95-146)) of strain ST3 (ST3: NSP4(95-146)) at acidic pH, and comparative studies of the recombinant purified peptide under different conditions by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and of the crystal structures suggested pH-, Ca2+-, and protein concentration-dependent oligomeric transitions in the peptide. Since the NSP4(95-146) mutant lacks the N-terminal amphipathic domain (AD) and most of the C-terminal flexible region

(FR), to demonstrate that the pentameric transition is not a consequence of the lack of the N- and C-terminal regions, glutaraldehyde cross-linking of the Delta N72 and Delta N94 mutant proteins, which contain or lack the AD, respectively, but possess the complete C-terminal FR, was carried out. The results indicate the presence of pentamers in preparations of these longer mutants. Detailed SEC analyses of Delta N94 10058-F4 prepared under different conditions, however, revealed protein concentration-dependent but metal ion-and pH-independent pentamer accumulation at high concentrations which dissociated into tetramers and lower oligomers at low protein concentrations. While calcium appeared to stabilize the tetramer, magnesium in particular stabilized the dimer. Delta N72 existed primarily

in the multimeric form under all conditions. These findings of a calcium-free NSP4 pentamer and its concentration-dependent and largely calcium-independent oligomeric transitions open up a new dimension in an understanding of the structural basis of its multitude of buy Pomalidomide functions.”
“BACKGROUND

Women without stress urinary incontinence undergoing vaginal surgery for pelvicorgan prolapse are at risk for postoperative urinary incontinence. A midurethral sling may be placed at the time of prolapse repair to reduce this risk.

METHODS

We performed a multicenter trial involving women without symptoms of stress incontinence and with anterior prolapse (of stage 2 or higher on a Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system examination) who were planning to undergo vaginal prolapse surgery. Women were randomly assigned to receive either a midurethral sling or sham incisions during surgery. One primary end point was urinary incontinence or treatment for this condition at 3 months.

In addition, STDP was suppressed in the presence of atropine, a muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist. Taken together, the findings suggest that synaptic plasticity modulation depends on the amount

of cholinergic inputs. The modulation of synaptic plasticity by muscarinic activation might be an important stage in the integration of top-down and bottom-up information in hippocampal CA1 neurons. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Therapeutic progress in well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS/DDLPS) is hampered by lack of relevant experimental models, thereby Sapitinib manufacturer limiting comprehensive molecularly based investigations. Our goal is to bridge this experimental gap by establishing and characterizing an in vitro/in vivo model useful for examining WDLPS/DDLPS molecular pathogenesis and also therapeutic screening and testing. WDLPS/DDLPS cells were isolated from freshly resected human surgical specimens and were phenotypically and molecularly characterized.

MDM2 amplification was determined via FISH analysis. Adipogenic differentiation was evaluated using Oil Red O staining and western blotting Tanespimycin (WB). Tyrosine kinase receptors’ (TKRs) expression in pre-adipocytes, adipocytes, WDLPS, and DDLPS cells was determined via western blot analysis. SCID mouse xenograft growth was assessed after subcutaneous and/or intraperitoneal tumor cell injection. There was enhanced proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, and pro-angiogenic capacity in DDLPS cells vs WDLPS cells. DDLPS cells formed tumors in SCID mice whereas WDLPS did not. WDLPS/DDLPS cells, especially those that exhibited baseline PPARg expression, partially retained terminal adipogenic differentiation

capacity. MDM2 amplification was found in all WDLPS/DDLPS cell strains, CDK4 overexpression was observed in LPS cells as compared with normal adipocytes, and enhanced JUN expression and phosphorylation was seen in DDLPS cells as compared with WDLPS cells. The TKRs: MET, AXL, KIT, and IGF-1R were overexpressed in LPS cells Lactose synthase vs normal adipocytes and pre-adipocytes. In conclusion, these newly established cellular and xenograft models can facilitate investigation of liposarcomagenesis, dedifferentiation, and tumor progression. Further studies of the molecular deregulations so identified may lead to improved therapeutic strategies for patients afflicted by these unfavorable malignancies. Laboratory Investigation (2011) 91, 392-403; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2010.185; published online 8 November 2010″
“Changes in cellular and synaptic plasticity related to learning and memory are accompanied by both upregulation and downregulation of the expression levels of proteins. Both de novo protein synthesis and post-translational modification of existing proteins have been proposed to support the induction and maintenance of memory underlying learning.

Toxicity to the liver was measured by increases in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Antioxidants were not able to decrease the adverse effects of R-SO on lung. However, NAC (200 mg/kg) ip and GSH (600 mg/kg), administered Mocetinostat chemical structure orally prior to R-SO (300 mg/kg) ip, showed significant protection against liver toxicity

as measured by SDH activity. Unexpectedly, a synthetic GSH analog, UPF1 (0.8 mg/kg), administered intravenously (iv) prior to R-SO, produced a synergistic effect with regard to liver and lung toxicity. Treatment with UPF1 (0.8 mg/kg) iv every other day for 1 wk for preconditioning prior to R-SO ip did not result in any protection against liver and lung toxicity, but rather enhanced the toxicity when administered prior R-SO. The results of the present study demonstrated protection against R-SO toxicity in liver but not lung by the administration of the antioxidants NAC and

GSH.”
“While the primary motor cortex (M1) is know to receive dopaminergic projections, the functional role of these projections is poorly characterized. Here, it is hypothesized that dopaminergic signals modulate M1 excitability and somatotopy, two features of the M1 network relevant for movement execution and learning.

To test this hypothesis, movement responses evoked by electrical stimulation using an electrode grid implanted epidurally over the caudal motor cortex (M1) were assessed before and after an intracortical injection of D1- (R-(+),8-chloro,7-hydroxy,2,3,4,5,-tetra-hydro,3-methyl,5-phenyl,1-H,3-benzazepine

XL184 chemical structure maleate, SCH 23390) or D2-receptor (raclopride) antagonists into the M1 forelimb area of rats. Stimulation mapping of M1 was repeated after 24 h.

D2-inhibition reduced the size of the forelimb representation Selleck Idelalisib by 68.5% (P<0.001). Movements thresholds, i.e., minimal currents required to induce movement responses increased by 37.5% (P<0.001), and latencies increased by 35.9% (P<0.01). Twenty-4 h after the injections these effects were reversed. No changes were observed with D1-antagonist or vehicle.

By enhancing intracortical excitability and signal transduction, D2-mediated dopaminergic signaling may affect movement execution, e.g. by enabling task-related muscle activation synergies, and learning. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To investigate the relationship between traffic air pollution exposure and development of lung cancer in females, studies were conducted using a matched cancer case-control model into deaths that occurred in Taiwan from 1997 through 2006. Data on all eligible lung cancer deaths in females were obtained from the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the Taiwan Provincial Department of Health. The control group consisted of women who died from causes other than neoplasms or diseases that were associated with respiratory problems. The controls were pair matched to the cancer cases by year of birth and year of death.

18.5% in those without PVD, P = 0.04). Diabetes mellitus, high calcium phosphate product, older age and presence of vascular co-morbidities including ischaemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease were associated with overall mortality over the 5-year follow-up period.

Summary: In this study, elevated calcium phosphate product and diabetes mellitus in addition to the presence of

vascular disease were associated with poor survival. Patients with Smad inhibitor low haemoglobin and lower first pre-dialysis eGFR suffered higher early mortality. These potentially modifiable factors that could be identified in the pre-dialysis stage provide a valuable opportunity for intervention.”
“Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a disease of the elderly. Poor outcomes with standard therapies necessitate novel click here approaches. Outpatient regimens sufficiently potent and well tolerated to induce remissions and enable continuation therapy may be beneficial. In this phase-1 study, we determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and the efficacy for sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide as remission

induction and continuation therapy in elderly, previously untreated patients. We investigated the impact on global DNA methylation and bone marrow cytokines, and sought biological predictors of response. Eighteen patients were enrolled. The MTD was not reached. Median follow-up was 8.2 months (10.3 months for survivors). Common adverse events included fatigue, injection site reactions, constipation, nausea, pruritus and febrile neutropenia. Ten patients responded (56%), and the rate of complete remissions (CRs) or CRs with incomplete recovery of blood counts for evaluable patients was 44% (7/16). The median response duration was 6.2 months. DNA demethylation and changes in bone marrow cytokines were observed; responders Depsipeptide mw had a unique cytokine profile and a trend towards lower methylation levels. Sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide was well tolerated with encouraging clinical and biological activity in previously untreated elderly AML patients. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00890929).”
“Leptin,

a hormone produced by body fat tissue, acts on hypothalamic receptors in the brain to regulate appetite and energy expenditure, and on neurons in the arcuate nucleus to signal that an individual has had enough to eat. Leptin enters the central nervous system at levels that depend on an individual’s body fat. Obese people, on average, show greater brain atrophy in old age, so it is valuable to know whether brain atrophy relates to leptin levels, which can be targeted by interventions. We therefore determined how plasma leptin levels, and BMI, relate to brain structure, and whether leptin levels might account for BMI’s effect on the brain. We measured regional brain volumes using tensor-based morphometry, in MRI scans of 517 elderly individuals with plasma leptin measured (mean: 13.3+/-0.6 ng/ml; mean age: 75.2+/-7.3 years; 321 men/196 women).

On admission to the emergency department, his condition is hemodynamically

stable and he has adequate oxygenation and ventilation, but he is still comatose. A neurologic examination reveals reactive pupils and a positive cough reflex. The core body temperature is 35.5 degrees C. A diagnosis of the post-cardiac arrest syndrome with coma is made. An intensive care specialist evaluates the patient and recommends the immediate initiation of targeted temperature management.”
“Background Vorinostat The American Heart Association recommends cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by bystanders with chest compression only for adults who have cardiac arrests, but not for children. We assessed the effect of CPR (conventional with rescue breathing or chest compression only) by bystanders on outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children.

Methods In a nationwide, prospective, population-based, observational study, we enrolled 5170 children aged 17 years and younger who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from Jan 1,2005, to Dec 31,2007. Data collected included

age, cause, and presence and type of CPR by bystander. The primary endpoint was favourable neurological outcome 1 month after an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, defined as Glasgow-Pittsburgh cerebral performance category 1 or 2.

Findings 3675 (71%) children had arrests of non-cardiac causes Selleck THZ1 and 1495 (29%) cardiac causes. 1551 (30%) received conventional CPR and 888 (17%) compression-only CPR. Data for type of CPR by bystander were not available for 12 children. Children who were given CPR by a bystander had a significantly higher

MTMR9 rate of favourable neurological outcome than did those not given CPR (4.5% [110/2439] vs 1.9% [53/2719]; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.59,95% CI 1.81-3.71). In children aged 1-17 years who had arrests of non-cardiac causes, favourable neurological outcome was more common after bystander CPR than no CPR (5.1% [51/1004] vs 1-5% [20/1293]; OR 4.17, 2.37-7.32). However, conventional CPR produced more favourable neurological outcome than did compression-only CPR (7.2% [45/624] vs 1.6% [six of 380]; OR 5.54, 2.52-16.99). In children aged 1-17 years who had arrests of cardiac causes, favourable neurological outcome was more common after bystander CPR than no CPR (9.5% [42/440] vs 4.1% [14/339]; OR 2.21, 1.08-4.54), and did not differ between conventional and compression-only CPR (9.9% [28/282] vs 8.9% [14/158]; OR 1.20, 0.55-2.66). In infants (aged <1 year), outcomes were uniformly poor (1.7% [36/2082] with favourable neurological outcome).

Interpretation For children who have out-of-hospital cardiac arrests from non-cardiac causes, conventional CPR (with rescue breathing) by bystander is the preferable approach to resuscitation. For arrests of cardiac causes, either conventional or compression-only CPR is similarly effective.