“
“The roots of Mirabilis jalapa are used traditionally in allergic skin disorders and asthma. The

effect of an ethanol : acetone (1 : 1) extract of the roots of M. jalapa was studied for antihistaminic activity using a guinea pig tracheal chain preparation and clonidine-induced mast cell granulation in mice. Its antiallergic activity was evaluated using milk-induced eosinophilia and albumin-induced paw oedema in mice. The extract (0.5 mL of 100 mg mL-1) inhibited histamine-induced guinea pig tracheal chain contractions non-competitively. Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor The extract (100 or 200 mg kg-1 i.p.) inhibited milk-induced eosinophilia, albumin-induced paw oedema and protected mast cells against clonidine-induced granulation. The study justified the folkloric use of M. jalapa in the treatment of allergic diseases and asthma.”
“Atherosclerosis of the internal mammary artery (IMA) is

generally regarded as a rare (but existent) pathological entity with only a few cases reported in the most recent literature. The only study which to our knowledge has investigated the ultrastructural features of IMA atherosclerosis, demonstrate the presence of endothelial cells loss, defects of internal elastic lamina with no evidence of lipid accumulation. In the present study, we describe two cases of IMA atherosclerosis in which ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of a typical Dibutyryl-cAMP price atherosclerotic plaque morphology with infiltration of inflammatory cells, formation of intraplaque lipid pools, and accumulation of lipid-laden foam cells Crenigacestat clinical trial throughout the thickened intima, never described in this rare lesion before. Microscopically, the lesions were also characterized by intimal thickening, invagination of endothelial cells, migration of smooth muscle cells with splitting, fenestration and/or fragmentation of the elastic sheets. Our observations add new data to the scarce and contradictory literature and to this largely understudied vascular disorder.”
“Two new tirucallane triterpenoids, 21-methoxy-21,23-epoxy-tirucalla-7,24-dien-3 alpha-ol (1) and 21-methoxy-21,23-epoxy-tirucalla-7,24-diene-1 alpha,3 alpha-diol (2), together with thirteen known compounds were isolated from

the CH2Cl2 extract of the stem bark of Araliopsis synopsis. The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectral (EI and ESI) data and comparison with previously known analogs. Compounds 1-10 were tested against bacteria, fungi and plant pathogen oomycetes by the paper disk agar diffusion assay resulting in missing to low activities corresponding with MICs > 1 mg/mL. However, compounds 5-10 exhibited high cytotoxic activity against the human Caucasian prostate adenocarcinoma cell PC-3 line, with IC50 8.5-12.5 mu M compared to the standard Doxorubicin with IC50 = 0.9 mu M, while compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed low activity. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Phytochemical Society of Europe.

However, the LMM was not often robust and led to non-sensible results when the covariance structure for errors

was misspecified. The results emphasized discarding the UMA which often yielded extremely conservative inferences as to such data.

Conclusions: It was shown that summary measure is a simple, safe and powerful approach in which the loss of efficiency compared to the best-fitting LMM was Bcl 2 inhibitor generally negligible. The SMA is recommended as the first choice to reliably analyze the linear trend data with a moderate to large number of measurements and/or small to moderate sample sizes.”
“Purpose: To isolate and identify the constituents of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd (Nyctaginaceae) stem bark.

Methods: The methanol extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis stem bark powder was suspended in water and see more extracted with dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate

(EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH) successively. The ethyl acetate fraction was loaded in a column packed with silica gel and eluted with a gradient of chloroform (CHCl3): methanol (MeOH), and water yielded five fractions (A -E). Chemical constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography of these fractions.

Results: Column chromatography of fractions B and C afforded four compounds identified as pinitol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside. For the first time, pinitol, beta-sitosterol, quercetin and quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside were isolated from the stem bark of B. spectabilis Willd.

Conclusion: An antidiabetic principle, pinitol, was successfully isolated from the stem bark of B. spectabilis Willd.”
“Although breakthrough pain (BTP; pain flares interrupting well-controlled baseline pain) is common among patients with cancer, its prevalence, characteristics, and impact on health-related quality

of life (HRQOL) are poorly understood in ethnic minorities.

This comparative study examines ethnic and gender differences in BTP characteristics and impact on HRQOL. Patients with stage III or IV cancer of the breast, prostate, colorectal, or lung, or stage II-IV multiple myeloma with BTP completed surveys (upon initial assessment, BEZ235 chemical structure 3 months, and 6 months) assessing consistent pain, BTP, depressed affect, active coping ability, and HRQOL.

Respondents (N = 96) were 75% white, 66% female with a mean age of 56 +/- 10 years. All subjects experienced significant psychological distress, but there were no racial differences in depression prevalence. Minorities reported significantly greater severity for consistent pain at its worst (P = 0.009), least (P <= 0.001), on average (P = 0.004), and upon initial assessment (P = 0.04) as well as greater severity for BTP at its worst (P = 0.03), least (P = 0.02), and at initial assessment (P = 0.008). Although minorities reported more flare types (3.0 vs 1.

METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study among women undergoing LEEP for biopsy-confirmed CIN 2 or 3 at the Family Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Care and Education Services Clinic in Kisumu, Kenya. Women were followed-up 4 weeks after the procedure and questioned for abstinence as well as presence and severity of side effects after the procedure. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariable

and multivariable analysis.

RESULTS: Among the 180 (91%) women who returned for a 4-week follow up after LEEP, 52% reported at least one postprocedure symptom, including find more bleeding, discharge, or pain. Using a Likert scale for severity of symptoms, 179 (99%) reported very mild to mild symptoms, whereas one (1%) participant

described the symptoms as moderate. No participants reported severe symptoms. Mean CD4(+) count was significantly higher among women who reported any symptoms compared with women who reported no symptoms after LEEP (419 cells/mm(3) compared with 349 cells/mm(3) P < . 05), an association that remained significant after adjustment for antiretroviral treatment. The presence or severity of postprocedure symptoms did not differ among women who reported sexual activity (16%) less than 4 weeks after the procedure.

CONCLUSION: LEEP performed Bafilomycin A1 research buy by clinical officers was well-accepted by HIV-positive women and appears safe, resulting in minimal side effects, even among women with early resumption of intercourse.”
“OBJECTIVE:

To determine the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and non-tuberculous mycobacterial isolates in the routine setting of a large general hospital using an “”in-house”" multiplex polymerase chain reaction method and to establish a paradigm for the definitive identification Selleckchem VX-680 of mycobacteria isolated using semi-automated equipment.

METHODS: Established tests, including polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme analysis, PNB, and NAP inhibition tests as the gold standard, showed 100% agreement with an IS6110/hsp65 multiplex polymerase chain reaction when used to identify stock strains (n = 117).

RESULTS: In a subsequent study, 8,790 clinical specimens producing 476 isolates were evaluated with multiplex PCR and also showed 100% agreement in identification using PRA-polymerase chain reaction as the gold standard. The application of this technique to routine analysis was demonstrated in this study. A method was established with the initial application of multiplex PCR for all positive liquid cultures and the subsequent identification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria by polymerase chain reaction restriction enzyme analysis. In total, 77% of isolates belonged to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and 23% were non-tuberculous mycobacteria.

Objectives: We aimed to compare the body composition of children undergoing treatment of cancer with that of healthy controls and to compare body composition between children with hematologic malignancies and children with solid tumors.

Design: This cross-sectional study measured height, weight, body cell mass, fat-free mass, and fat mass in 48 children undergoing PD0325901 in vitro treatment of cancer and blood-related disorders and in age-matched healthy controls.

Results: Patients with cancer had a significantly lower body cell mass index z score (body cell mass/height raised to the power of 2.5 for females and 3 for males)

than did controls (P = 0.0001), and 45% of the patients with cancer were considered malnourished according to body cell mass. Subjects with cancer had a significantly

higher percentage of body fat (P = 0.0001) and fat mass (P = 0.0001) than did controls; however, there was no significant difference in fat-free mass (P = 0.09). On the basis of percentage fat, 77% of subjects with cancer were considered obese. No difference in body composition was observed between cancer types.

Conclusions: This study showed that children undergoing treatment of all types of cancer have a significantly lower body cell mass and a significantly higher fat mass than do healthy controls. Nutritional support is suggested for all children undergoing treatment of cancer. Akt assay Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 55-60.”
“The effects of hydrogen contents after the process of hydrogen decrepitation on the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance selleck of sintered Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets have been studied. The intrinsic coercivity of the magnets increases and the remanence decreases with increasing hydrogen content. High residue hydrogen content in the starting ingot leads to the reaction of hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination in the sinter process resulting in magnets with low remanence. The results of highly accelerated temperature/humidity stress test indicate that excessive hydrogen contents are harmful to the corrosion resistance of the magnets. The influences of

residue hydrogen contents on the corrosion resistance of magnets dominate only when the residue hydrogen content exceeds 1300 parts per million. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3563082]“
“Hollow, spherical, millimeter diameter scale polymer “”micropillows” (MPs) were fabricated via nonsolvent-induced phase separation/extraction, using a dual layer spinneret extrusion system. Wall thicknesses in the 45-350-mu m range were achieved via the extraction of the n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) polymer solvent into a high-molecular weight poly(propylene glycol) nonsolvent. Introduction of heptane into the core of the particles and vaporization of that heptane at elevated temperatures enabled moderate particle expansion and avoided particle collapse after extraction of the NMP solvent.

Postdeposition Selleckchem ERK inhibitor anneal results in the recrystallization of BTO films. The electrical measurements exhibit that the BTO films have high capacitance densities and low leakage currents.”
“Cardiac arrhythmias occur in approximately 5.3% of the population and contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality. Pharmacological therapy still remains the major approach in management of patients with nearly every

form of cardiac arrhythmia. Effective and safe management of cardiac arrhythmias with antiarrhythmic drugs requires understanding of basic mechanisms for various cardiac arrhythmias, clinical diagnosis of an arrhythmia and identification of underlying cardiac diseases, pharmacokinetics, and antiarrhythmic properties of each individual antiarrhythmic drug. Most cardiac arrhythmias occur AG-881 in vitro via one of the two mechanisms: abnormal impulse formation and reentry or both. Antiarrhythmic drugs primarily work via influencing cardiac automaticity or triggered activity or by their effects on effective refractoriness of cardiac cells. Proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs are also briefly discussed in this review article. (PACE 2009; 32: 1454-1465)”
“Purpose We sought to identify indicators associated with the quality of life (QoL) of stroke patients and caregivers.

Methods

The cross-sectional study was conducted at nine Dutch stroke service facilities involving 251 stroke patients and their caregivers. We used the EuroQol (EQ-5D) and Satisfaction with Stroke Care questionnaires, and included the variables (1) disability at hospital admission, (2) length of hospital stay, (3) demographic data, and (4) caregivers’ relationship with stroke patients. The Actor-Partner (patient-caregiver) Interdependence Model (APIM) was used to examine dependence between patients’ and caregivers’ QoL scores through dyad GSK2879552 membership.

Results Patients’ age was significantly related to their QoL, and caregivers’ age and educational level were significantly

related to their QoL. Patients’ disability on hospital admission and length of stay were associated with patients’ QoL, and their disability on admission was related to caregivers’ QoL. No relationship was found between length of stay and caregivers’ QoL. Satisfaction with care was associated with both patients’ and caregivers’ QoL.

Conclusions The APIM distinguished the different roles of patients and caregivers while acknowledging the interdependence of their QoL scores. Satisfaction with care was identified as important indicator of stroke patients’ and caregivers’ QoL.”
“Capillary torque is induced when a liquid bridge forms between two angle-positioned filaments. This paper aims to study the dependency of such capillary torque upon the filament orientation angle, filament spacing, contact angle, and liquid volume through detailed numerical simulation using a surface finite element scheme.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The interchange reaction in blends of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(m-xylylene adipamide) (MXD6) has been characterized in terms of changes observed in spectra obtained with a 600-MHz (1)H-NMR. The selective degradation of PET components in the blends was carried out in the NMR tubes prior to evaluation. Results indicate that there is no chemical reaction between the Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor PET and MXD6 in the absence of sodium P-toluenesulfonate catalyst.

The presence of the catalyst activates the interchange reaction between these two resins. A mathematical method was applied to calculate the degree of randomness of PET-MXD6 copolymer. In addition, the reaction degree was found to be affected by www.selleckchem.com/products/gm6001.html exposure temperature, time, shear rate, and catalyst concentration. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 3449-3461, 2009″
“Mycobacterium neoaurum, a member of the Mycobacterium parafortuitum complex, has only rarely been reported as a pathogen of human infections. We report a case of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) due to M. neoaurum in a patient on hemodialysis. The isolate was identified by conventional methods as well as by 16S rRNA gene analysis. The patient was

successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics (meropenem and amikacin) for three weeks and the catheter was removed. M. neoaurum should be considered as a possible cause VX-770 in vivo of CRBSI in patients with renal failure. Combination antimicrobial therapy and catheter removal can lead to a favorable clinical outcome. (C) 2008 International

Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Short carbon fiber reinforced poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) composites (PEN/SCF) were prepared by twin-screw extruder. The structure, mechanical, rheological properties, and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the composites were investigated by scanning electron microscope, universal tester, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results suggest that there is better interaction between SCF and PEN matrix, which leads to an increase in the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and impact strength of the composites with proper contents of SCF. Rheological behavior of the PEN/SCF composites melt is complicated, combining a dilate fluid at lower shear rate and a pseudoplastic fluid at higher shear rate. Moreover, the flow activation energy of the composites suggests that the melt with more SCF has higher sensitivity to the processing temperature. In conclusion, the composite with 5-10 wt % content of SCF has better properties. The Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny and Ozawa theory was used, respectively, to fit the primary stage of nonisothermal crystallization of various composites. The Avrami exponents n are evaluated to be 2.6-3.1 for the neat PEN and 3.4-4.

These guidelines include a total of 87 Clinical Questions followed by several Answers (CQ&A), a Discussion, a List of References, and some Tables and Figures covering common problems Epigenetic inhibitor datasheet and questions encountered in obstetrical practice. Each answer with a recommendation level of A, B or C has been prepared based principally on ‘evidence’ or

a consensus among Japanese obstetricians in situations where ‘evidence’ is weak or lacking. Answers with a recommendation level of A or B represent current standard care practices in Japan. All 87 CQ&A are presented herein to promote a better understanding of the current standard care practices for pregnant women in Japan.”
“OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of (CA)n repeats in the insulin-like

growth factor 1 gene and a variable number of tandem repeats of the insulin gene on birth size in children who are small or adequate-sized for gestational age and to correlate these polymorphisms with serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and insulin sensitivity in children who are small for gestational age, with and without catch-up growth.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated 439 infants: 297 that were adequate-sized for gestational age and 142 that were small for gestational age (66 with and 76 without catch-up). The number of (CA) n repeat in the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and a variable number of tandem repeats in Selleckchem Napabucasin the insulin gene were analyzed using GENESCAN software and polymerase chain reaction followed by enzymatic digestion, respectively. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from all

patients.

RESULTS: The height, body mass index, paternal height, target height and insulin-like growth factor 1 serum levels were higher in children who were small for gestational age with catch-up. There was no difference in the allelic and genotypic distributions VS-6063 cell line of both polymorphisms between the adequate-sized and small infants or among small infants with and without catch-up. Similarly, the polymorphisms were not associated with clinical or laboratory variables.

CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of the (CA) n repeats of the insulin-like growth factor 1 gene and a variable number of tandem repeats of the insulin gene, separately or in combination, did not influence pre- or postnatal growth, insulin-like growth factor 1 serum levels or insulin resistance.”
“16-Propargylaminomethyl substituted and 16-propargyloxymethyl substituted furanolabdanoids were synthesized, which under the action of AuCl3 in acetonitrile underwent cycloisomerization forming 7-hydroxyisoindolines or 7-hydroxydihydroisobenzofurans substituted by a terpenoid fragment.

Therapy was modified in 9 patients, initiated in 3 patients, and discontinued in 2 patients. Most patients therapy was switched to oral antibiotics with discontinuation of intravascular catheters, facilitating early hospital discharge. All 14 patients were alive 30 similar to days after infection onset. The

present study demonstrates the clinical application of 16S rRNA sequencing method to identify difficult-to-identify mycobacteria and other gram-positive bacilli in clinical specimens, particularly in immunocompromised hosts.”
“Anilides of styrylacetic acids at heating in polyphosphoric acid undergo an intramolecular cyclization giving 1,5-diarylpyrrolidin-2-ones, 5-aryl-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-benzazepin-2-ones, find more and 5-(3-fluorophenyl) dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, where the ratio of the products depends on the character of the aromatic substituents in the amide and styrene fragments of the substrate.”
“Knobs-into-holes is a well-validated SB202190 order heterodimerization technology for the third constant domain of an antibody.

This technology has been used to produce a monovalent IgG for clinical development (onartuzumab) and multiple bispecific antibodies.(1,2) The most advanced uses of this approach, however, have been limited to E. coli as an expression host to produce non-glycosylated antibodies. Here, we applied the technology to mammalian host expression systems to produce glycosylated, effector-function competent heterodimeric antibodies. In our mammalian host system, each arm is secreted as a heavy chain-light chain (H-L) fragment with either the knob or hole mutations to allow for preferential

heterodimer formation in vitro with low levels of homodimer contaminants. ZD1839 order Like full antibodies, the secreted H-L fragments undergo Fc glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using a monospecific anti-CD20 antibody, we show that full antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity can be retained in the context of a knobs-into-holes heterodimer. Because the knobs-into-holes mutations convert the Fc into an asymmetric heterodimer, this technology was further used to systematically explore asymmetric recognition of the Fc. Our results indicate that afucosylation of half the heterodimer is sufficient to produce ADCC-enhancement similar to that observed for a fully afucosylated antibody with wild-type Fc. However, the most dramatic effect on ADCC activity is observed when two carbohydrate chains are present rather than one, regardless of afucosylation state.”
“A new HPLC-DAD method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of five flavonoids (rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorahamnetin) in rat plasma. Sample pretreatment consisted of a liquid-liquid extraction. The five flavonoids was separated on a kromasil C18 column and recorded at 350 nm. The greatest resolution was achieved with methanol-0.

Neurologic examination and lumbar MRI revealed right L5 radiculopathy due to a sequestrated disc fragment. She underwent microlumbar discectomy.

Results. Free disc fragment on the L5 root was removed. She was pain free and her neurologic deficit immediately improved after surgery.

Conclusion. Although extremely rare, intradiscal cement leakage during percutaneous vertebroplasty may promote development of lumbar disc herniation.”
“To assess different mapping methods for the estimation of a group’s mean EQ-5D score based on responses to the Oxford hip score (OHS) questionnaire.

Four models were considered: a) linear regression using total OHS as a continuous regressor; b) linear regression employing responses

to the twelve OHS questions as categorical predictors; c) two-part approach combining logistic and linear regression; and d) response mapping. The models PR-171 manufacturer HSP990 were internally validated on the estimation data set, which included OHS and

EQ-5D scores for total hip replacements, both before and six months after procedure for 1,759 operations. An external validation was also performed.

All models estimated the mean EQ-5D score within 0.005 of an observed health-state utility estimate, ordinary least squares (OLS) continuous being the most accurate and OLS categorical the most consistent. Age, gender and deprivation did not improve the models. More accurate estimations at the individual level were achieved for higher scores of observed OHS and EQ-5D.

Based on these results, when EQ-5D scores are not available, answers to the OHS questionnaire can be used to estimate a group’s mean EQ-5D with a high degree of accuracy.”
“A chart was prepared using selected milestones from Baroda norms of Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Gesell’s schedules on V-axis and age in months on x-axis. A child failing to achieve any milestone to the left of the chronological age was screen positive. Interrater and test-retest reliability selleck compound were calculated. For validation, the screen was administered to mothers of 142 children aged 6 to 24 months attending Pediatric Outpatients or

Neurology Clinic of CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India. Acutely ill children were excluded. A full Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian infants was then done on the same children. Sensitivity and specificity were 95.9% and 73.1%, respectively. It is concluded that Lucknow Development Screen can be effectively used for screening in the community.”
“Candidates for, and recipients of, transplants face numerous risks that receive varying degrees of attention from the media and transplant professionals. Characterizations such as ‘high risk donor’ are not necessarily accurate or informative unless they are discussed in context with the other risks patients face before and after transplantation. Moreover, such labels do not provide accurate information for informed consent discussions or decision making.

When compared with previous studies of BAO, vital and

functional outcomes at 3 months were relatively better in our study. Conclusions: The use of low-dose alteplase resulted in similar outcomes when comparing acute BAO and MCO patients.”
“BACKGROUND: Rectovaginal fistula is a rare complication of inflammatory bowel disease, obstetric trauma, pelvic surgery, radiation, and trauma. We present a rectovaginal fistula occurring after an excision of a Bartholin gland.

CASE: A healthy 43-year-old woman presented with flatus per vagina immediately after a Bartholin gland excision. She had a history of recurrent Bartholin abscess and had undergone multiple incision and drainage procedures of this cyst over the past 6 years. On rectovaginal examination, the patient was found to have a rectovaginal fistula and subsequently underwent successful Rapamycin cell line transvaginal

repair.

CONCLUSION: Rectovaginal fistula can occur after excision of a Bartholin gland. This case report illustrates a rare and serious complication to a commonly performed gynecologic procedure. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:489-91) DOI:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182235548″
“The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of laser treatment on shear bond strength of a self-adhesive flowable resin composite to human dentin. Eighty extracted sound human molar teeth were used for learn more the study. The teeth were sectioned mesiodistally MX69 price and embedded in acrylic blocks. The dentin surfaces were ground wet with 600-grit silicon carbide (SiC) paper. They were randomly divided into two preparation groups: laser (Er:YAG laser, with 12 Hz, 350 mJ energy) and control (SiC). Each group was then divided into two subgroups according to the flowable resin composite type (n = 20). A self-adhesive flowable (Vertise Flow) and a conventional flowable resin (Premise Flow) were used. Flowable

resin composites were applied according to the manufacturer’s recommendations using the Ultradent shear bond Teflon mold system. The bonded specimens were stored in water at 37 A degrees C for 24 h. Shear bond strength was tested at 1 mm/min. The data were logarithmically transformed and analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Student-Newman-Keul’s test at a significance level of 0.05. The self-adhesive flowable resin showed significantly higher bond strength values to laser-prepared surfaces than to SiC-prepared surfaces (p < 0.001). The conventional flowable resin did not show such differences (p = 0.224). While there was a significant difference between the two flowable resin composites in SiC-prepared surfaces (p < 0.001), no significant difference was detected in laser-prepared surfaces (p = 0.053). The bond strength of a self-adhesive flowable resin composite differs according to the type of dentin surface preparation.