1 of 10, P < 0.05). Mean (+/- SD) weight of female toads producing eggs (58.9 +/- 11.9 g) was greater (P < 0.05) than that of nonproducing females (43.6 +/- 7.0 g). Similarly, four of seven nonhibernated females (58.8 +/- 8.3 g) produced eggs at 5 yr of age. All eggs were produced by females treated once with LHRHa. Number of eggs per female

varied (141 to 3307), and development to tadpoles was low (0 to 36.5%), although tadpoles did become toadlets. In conclusion, male and female boreal toads matured at 2 and 4 yr of age, respectively, and heavier FK228 in vivo females were more likely to produce eggs. To enhance breeding success, males should be hibernated and treated with LHRHa. In contrast, female productivity was enhanced by improving their body condition instead of subjecting them to hibernation prior to LHRHa treatment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: Mental illness in parents affects the mental health of their children. A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent mental disorders or psychological symptoms in the offspring were performed. Method: The Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases were searched for randomized controlled trials

of interventions in parents with mental disorders. Outcomes in the child included incident mental disorders of the same nature and internalizing (negative emotions, depressive symptoms, anxiety) or externalizing (hyperactivity, aggressiveness, behavioral Selleckchem GW4869 problems) symptoms. Relative risks and standardized mean differences in symptom scores were combined in random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Thirteen NVP-AUY922 inhibitor trials including 1,490 children were analyzed. Interventions included cognitive, behavioral, or psychoeducational components. Seven trials assessed the incidence of mental

disorders and seven trials assessed symptoms. In total 161 new diagnoses of mental illness were recorded, with interventions decreasing the risk by 40% (combined relative risk 0.60, 95% Cl 0.45-0.79). Symptom scores were lower in the intervention groups: standardized mean differences were -0.22 (95% CI -0.37 to -0.08) for internalizing symptoms (p = .003) and -0.16 (95% confidence interval -0.36 to 0.04) for externalizing symptoms (p = .12). Conclusions: Interventions to prevent mental disorders and psychological symptoms in the offspring of parents with mental disorders appear to be effective. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2012;51(1):8-17.”
“We present two cases of spontaneous intracerebellar migration of a pseudomeningocele. This is a rarely reported complication of posterior fossa surgery with possible life threatening cerebellar mass effect.

“
“Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Here, we found that CD40 and CD40L co-expressed on XG1 MM cells and the coordinated expression of CD40-CD40L was critical for production and autocrine IL-6 in XG1 cells. Furthermore, TNF-alpha enhanced the expression of both CD40 and CD40L expression on XG1 cells. We also found that persistent CD40L/CD40 signaling was required for the constitutive activation of

NF-kappa B in the cells.”
“BACKGROUND:\n\nThe optimal hemoglobin (Hb) level in acute myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine selleckchem the optimal Hb concentration in acute MI and whether transfusion of fresh blood to correct anemia reduces myocardial injury and improves outcome.\n\nSTUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:\n\nAnemia was induced in rats by an iron-deficient diet and phlebotomy. MI was induced by left coronary artery ligation. Some rats received transfusion of fresh blood. Survival, hemodynamic measurements, and infarct size were determined 24 hours after MI.\n\nRESULTS:\n\nReduction of Hb to 80 to 90 and 70 to 80 g/L decreased 24-hour survival after MI to 42 and 47%, respectively (p < 0.05). Infarct size was increased in both 70 to 80 and 80 to 90 g/L anemic groups compared to the normal Hb group (p < 0.05). Cardiac function was decreased in anemic groups after MI (p < 0.01). Transfusion

of fresh blood to increase SBE-β-CD Hb from 80 to 90 g/L to 100 g/L decreased infarct size (p < 0.05) and improved cardiac function (p < 0.05), and a trend toward better survival (73%) was observed. selleck chemicals llc Transfusion from 80 to 90 g/L Hb to 120 g/L Hb was associated with larger infarct size (p < 0.05), decreased cardiac function (p < 0.05), and no improvement in survival (47%, p = NS).\n\nCONCLUSION:\n\nAnemia increases infarct size and decreases cardiac function and survival in acute MI. Transfusion of anemic animals up to 100 g/L Hb with fresh blood reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function.

However, transfusion to 120 g/L Hb did not demonstrate any additional benefit and was associated with larger infarcts.”
“A total of 38 patients (18 female/20 male) with childhood meningioma were recruited from the German registry HIT-Endo (1989-2009). In 5 cases meningioma occurred as second malignant neoplasm (SMN). Histologies were confirmed by reference assessment in all cases (SMN: 2 WHO I, 1 WHO II, 2 WHO III). The SMNs were diagnosed at a median age of 12.4 years with a median latency of 10.2 years after primary malignancy (PMN; 4 brain tumors, 1 lymphoblastic leukemia; median age at diagnosis 2.7 years). Meningioma occurred as SMN in the irradiated field of PMN (range 12-54 Gy). The outcome after treatment of SMN meningioma (surgery/irradiation) was favorable in terms of psychosocial status and functional capacity in 4 of 5 patients (1 death).

However, an evolving paradigm of Fc-independent antibody functions, along with clinical recognition of C4d-negative AMR, has

increased awareness of the action of antibodies leading to endothelial activation and dysfunction.Recent findingsHerein, we address current clinical trends, including the signature of microvascular inflammation in biopsies of grafts undergoing AMR, the prevalence of antibodies to human leukocyte antigen class II DQ locus (HLA-DQ) and non-HLA targets, and the functional characterization of HLA immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and complement-fixing capacity. We also discuss recent CX-6258 ic50 experimental evidence revealing new mechanisms of endothelial and smooth muscle cell activation by GDC-0994 cell line HLA antibodies, which may contribute to vascular inflammation and chronic rejection. Finally, we touch upon novel discoveries of the interplay between antibodies, the complement system, and CD4 T-cell-mediated alloimmunity.SummaryThe current literature suggests that, although complement-fixing antibodies may

have some prognostic value for graft outcome, complement-independent mechanisms of graft injury are increasingly relevant. Therapeutic strategies, which target endothelial activation induced by antibodies may ameliorate vascular inflammation and mononuclear cell infiltration characteristic of AMR.”
“P>Title.\n\nDeterminants of hospital nurse intention to remain employed: broadening ourunderstanding.\n\nAim.\n\nThis paper is a report of a study to identify nurse reported determinants of intention to remain employed and to develop a model explaining determinants of hospital nurse intention to remain employed.\n\nBackground.\n\nA worsening shortage of nurses globally

suggests that efforts must be made to promote retention of nurses. However, effective retention promotion strategies depend on understanding the factors influencing nurse retention.\n\nMethods.\n\nA descriptive study JIB-04 research buy using focus group methodology was implemented. Thirteen focus groups including 78 nurses were carried out in two Canadian provinces in 2007. Thematic analysis strategies were incorporated to analyse the data.\n\nFindings.\n\nEight thematic categories reflecting factors nurses described as influencing their intentions to remain employed emerged from focus groups: (1) relationships with co-workers, (2) condition of the work environment, (3) relationship with and support from one’s manager, (4) work rewards, (5) organizational support and practices, (6) physical and psychological responses to work, (7) patient relationships and other job content, and (8) external factors. A model of determinants of hospital nurse intention to remain employed is hypothesized.\n\nConclusion.\n\nFindings were both similar to and different from previous research. The overriding concept of job satisfaction was not found. Rather, nurse assessments of satisfaction within eight thematic categories were found to influence intentions to remain employed.

Receiver selleck products operating characteristic analysis indicated sensitivity of 85, 94 and 61% and specificity of 89, 87 and 89% for serum IgG against ESAT-6, CFP-10 and 16kDa, respectively. A predominant IgG1 response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 was observed in 0M-TB patients, together with ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-6 that were produced at lower levels in the 6M-TB group. These data indicate that a T(h)1

phenotype against early phase Mtb antigens appears to be dominant in the peripheral blood of patients with active pulmonary TB that is reduced after chemotherapy. Taken together, ESAT-6/CFP-10 cytokine tests together with detecting IgG antibodies specific to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 may be the useful TB disease biomarkers in monitoring treatment success.”
“The genotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was determined using a battery of genotoxicity assays, comprising a bacterial reverse mutation test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test and a mammalian erythrocytes micronucleus test. SWCNTs had no mutagenicity in

S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535 or TA1537, or in E. coli WP2uvrA, in the absence or presence of metabolic activation. SWCNTs did not increase the number of structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations after short-term or continuous exposure. In the micronucleus test using CD-1 mice, SWCNTs did not affect the proportion of immature erythrocytes, the total proportion of erythrocytes or the number of micronuclei in Fludarabine nmr immature erythrocytes. SWCNTs appear not to pose a genotoxic risk. Copyright LY411575 concentration (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“The aim of this study was to characterize 38 bovine strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated in Ireland using 11 multi locus short sequence repeat (MLSSR) loci and 8 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) loci. The discriminatory power of these two typing methods alone and combined was evaluated,

as was the epidemiology of the isolates and the genotypes obtained. Using the MIRU-VNTR typing method (8 loci analysed), only 3 subtypes were detected with a discrimination index (DI) of 0.54, but one MIRU-VNTR type has not been identified in other studies. In contrast the MLSSR method (using 11 loci) differentiated the 38 MAP isolates into 18 types with DI of 0.92. Among these 18 types 6 have not been recorded previously. The combination of the 2 methods (MIRU-VNTR and MLSSR) produced 22 distinct genotypes giving a maximal DI of 0.94. According to the allelic diversity, some markers are more polymorphic than others and must be applied in priority for the differentiation of MAP bovine isolates. This is the first report of genotyping data for MAP on the island of Ireland and will be very useful for analysing its epidemiology, transmission and virulence. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V.

In contrast, overexpressed MnSOD exhibited an insignificant effect on long-term engraftment of transplanted HSCs, but had a significant beneficial effect after an insult of sublethal irradiation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HSC function can be enhanced by ectopic expression of ROS-detoxifying enzymes, especially after radiation exposure in vivo.”
“Although multicystic dysplastic kidney (MDK) is a common renal anomaly, the management of this condition remains controversial. The purpose

GSK2879552 mw of this study was to focus on its regression by ultrasound (US) scan for MDK managed conservatively.\n\nBetween 1990 and 2010, 50 children with MDK were retrospectively studied. All patients were submitted to radioisotope scan to confirm the diagnosis, and a micturating cystogram to exclude other uropathies.\n\nOf the 50 patients, 19 underwent nephrectomy,

and the other 31 were conservatively managed with clinical and US scan follow-up. CBL0137 mouse The mean follow-up time (range 6 months to 11 years) in the non-operated group was 6.2 years. Of the 31 children with nonsurgical management, 17 (54.8%) showed total involution on US scan, 7 (22.6%) showed a partial regression, and 7 (22.6%) were unchanged at the time of this study. The mean time to complete disappearance on US scan was 2.5 years (1-4 years). No children developed hypertension or tumors.\n\nThe natural history of MDK is usually benign, but patients must have long-term follow-up with US scan. In addition, many studies confirmed that

the disappearance of it on a US scan does Vorinostat concentration not mean a total involution of the affected kidney. We recommend a strict follow-up even when US scan shows an undetectable kidney.”
“A simplified conceptual model based on timescales of gravitational circulation, vertical exchange, and total oxygen consumption rate of the biochemical processes is presented to provide insight into the relationships between estuarine dynamics and bottom water dissolved oxygen (DO). Two dimensionless parameters are introduced to diagnose the relationship between the vertical exchange process and the biochemical DO consumption and the influence of gravitational circulation on replenishment of bottom DO. The relative magnitudes of these timescales provide a linkage between the physical and biochemical processes. The hypoxic and anoxic conditions in deep waters of Chesapeake Bay are successfully interpreted with these three proposed timescales. Because the Bay is a long estuary, the replenishment of the bottom DO due to gravitational circulation diminishes as the bottom water travels farther upstream. The bottom DO is mainly modulated by the vertical exchange process in the middle and upper portions of the Bay.

(C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Predictive assays for acute radiation toxicities would be clinically relevant in radiation oncology. We prospectively examined the predictive role of the survival

fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) and of gamma H2AX (double-strand break [DSB]DNA marker) expression kinetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cancer patients before radiation therapy. S63845 Methods and Materials: SF2 was measured with Trypan Blue assay in the PBMCs from 89 cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy at 4 hours (SF2([4h])) and 24 hours (SF2([24h])) after ex vivo irradiation. Using Western blot analysis and band densitometry, we further assessed the expression of gamma H2AX in PBMC DNA at 0 hours, 30 minutes, and 4 hours (33 patients) and 0 hour, 4 hours, and 24 hours (56 patients), following ex vivo irradiation with 2 Gy. Appropriate ratios were used to characterize each patient, and these were retrospectively correlated with early radiation therapy toxicity grade. Results: The SF2((4h)) was inversely correlated with the toxicity grade

(P=.006). The gamma H2AX-ratio(30min) (band density of irradiated/ non-irradiated cells at 30 minutes) revealed, similarly, a significant inverse association (P=.0001). The DSB DNA repair rate from 30 minutes to 4 hours, calculated as the relative R gamma H2AX-ratio selleck inhibitor (gamma H2AX-ratio((4h))/gamma H2AX-ratio(30min)) showed a significant direct association with buy Citarinostat high

toxicity grade (P=.01). Conclusions: Our results suggest that SF2 is a significant radiation sensitivity index for patients undergoing radiation therapy. gamma H2AX Western blot densitometry analysis provided 2 important markers of normal tissue radiation sensitivity. Low gamma H2AX expression at 30 minutes was linked with high toxicity grade, suggesting that poor gamma H2AX repair activity within a time frame of 30 minutes after irradiation predicts for poor radiation tolerance. On the other hand, rapid gamma H2AX content restoration at 4 hours after irradiation, compatible with efficient DSB repair ability, predicts for increased radiation tolerance. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of pain. Under normal conditions, NPY is found in interneurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in sympathetic postganglionic neurons but is absent from the cell bodies of sensory neurons. Following peripheral nerve injury NPY is dramatically upregulated in the sensory ganglia. How NPY expression is altered in the peripheral nervous system, distal to a site of nerve lesion, remains unknown.

Objective monitoring of lung function with peak flow or spirometry, was used by 40% of GPs and 59% of paediatricians. Acute asthma was primarily managed with inhaled salbutamol and oral corticosteroids. There were few differences in treatment choice between GPs and paediatricians. Many GPs indicated that they did not treat asthma in infants without specialist consultation.\n\nConclusions: These data show good compliance by the minority of GPs responding to the survey and by paediatricians practising in Western Australia with current Australian asthma management guidelines. Major differences in treatment preferences between the groups were not detected.”
“The inorganic-organic

A-1210477 mouse hybrid junction was synthesized on ITO glass substrate, which was consisted of an n-type ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown by low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method and selleck kinase inhibitor a p-type polyfluorene (PF) organic

film fabricated by spin-coating. The experimental results indicate that densely and uniformly distributed ZnO nanorods are successfully grown on the PF layer. The thickness of the PF layer plays a dominant role for the current voltage (I-V) characteristic of the ZnO NRs/PF inorganic-organic hybrid junction device, and a p-n junction with obviously rectifying behavior is achieved with optimal PF layer thickness. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum covering the broad visible https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html range was obtained from the n-ZnO nanorods/p-polyfluorene (PF) structure, which was originated from the combination of the PF-related blue emission and the ZnO-related deep level emission.”
“Although mass spectrometry is a century old technology, we are entering into an exciting time for the analysis of molecular information directly from complex biological systems. In this Highlight, we feature emerging mass spectrometric methods and tools used by the natural product community and give a perspective of

future directions where the mass spectrometry field is migrating towards over the next decade.”
“Background: Southeast Asia is experiencing an epidemic of methamphetamine use, a drug associated with risky sexual behaviors, putting a large segment of the population at increased risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV and in need of prevention efforts. Incidence estimates of STIs are rare in Southeast Asia, especially among newer risk groups.\n\nStudy Design: We enrolled methamphetamine users aged 18 to 25 years in a 12-month randomized behavioral intervention trial in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2005. Behavioral questionnaires were administered at visits every 3 months, and biologic specimens were collected at baseline and 12 months to test for common STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhea, HSV-2, and HIV).

\n\n2. The main reason for this may be the way that habitat fragmentation Selleckchem Prexasertib has been previously modelled. Studies have treated habitat loss and altered spatial configuration as two independent processes instead of as one hierarchical and interdependent process,

and therefore have not been able to consider the relative direct and indirect effects of habitat loss and altered spatial configuration.\n\n3. We investigated how habitat (i.e. old forest) fragmentation, caused by intense forest harvesting at the territory and landscape scales, is associated with the number of fledged offspring of an area-sensitive passerine, the Eurasian treecreeper (Certhia familiaris). We used structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the complex hierarchical associations between habitat loss and altered spatial configuration on the number of fledged offspring, by controlling for individual condition and weather conditions during incubation.\n\n4. Against generally held expectations, treecreeper reproductive success did not show a significant

association with habitat fragmentation measured at the territory scale. Instead, our analyses suggested that an increasing amount of habitat at the landscape scale this website caused a significant increase in nest predation rates, leading to reduced reproductive success. This effect operated directly on nest predation rates, instead of acting indirectly through altered spatial configuration.\n\n5. Because habitat amount and configuration are inherently strongly collinear, particularly when multiple scales are considered, our study demonstrates the usefulness of a SEM approach for hierarchical partitioning of habitat amount vs. habitat configuration in landscape ecology that may have bearing on biological conclusions.”
“Environmental factors such as temperature and food type affect the rate of asexual reproduction of jellyfish at the polyp stage. Combinations of three temperatures (10, 15, and 20A degrees C) and four food treatments (Prorocentrum donghaiense, Skeletonema costatum, Artemia sp. nauplii, and no food) were established to

examine the Galunisertib asexual reproduction strategy of Aurelia sp.1. The results allowed us to reject two null hypotheses: no effect of temperature and no effect of food. A change from 20 to 15 or 10A degrees C induced polyps to release ephyrae when food was present, while polyps without food did not strobilate. Polyps with Artemia sp. nauplii as prey produced more polyps through buds and podocysts, as well as more ephyrae through strobilation. At 20A degrees C, the mortality rates of polyps exceeded 50%, except for those served by Artemia sp. nauplii. The number of polyps increased rapidly with Artemia sp. nauplii as prey. We conclude that when animal prey is limited, plants can serve as a nutrient source and satisfy the energy requirements for polyps at lower temperatures (10 or 15A degrees C).

“
“We report results from a detailed computer simulation study for the nano-sorption and mobility of four different small molecules (water, tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid) inside smooth single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Most of the results have been obtained with the molecular dynamics (MD) method, but especially for the most narrow of the CNTs considered,

the results for one of the molecules addressed here (water) were further confirmed through an additional Grand Canonical (mu VT) Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation using a value for the water chemical potential mu pre-computed with the particle deletion method. Issues addressed include PND-1186 clinical trial molecular packing and ordering inside the nanotube for the four molecules, average number of sorbed molecules per unit length of the tube, and mean residence time and effective axial diffusivities, all as a function of tube diameter and tube length. In all cases, a strong dependence of the results on tube diameter was observed, especially in the way the different molecules are packed and organized inside the CNT. For water for which predictions of properties such as local structure and packing were computed

with both methods (MD and GCMC), the two sets of results were found to be fully self-consistent for all types of SWCNTs considered. Water diffusivity inside the CNT (although, strongly dependent on the CNT diameter) was computed with two different methods, both of Blebbistatin concentration which gave identical results. For large enough CNT diameters (larger than about 13 angstrom), this was found to be higher than the corresponding experimental value in the bulk by about 55%. Surprisingly enough, for the rest of the molecules

simulated (phenolic), the simulations revealed no signs of mobility inside nanotubes with a diameter smaller than the (20, 20) tube. This is attributed to strong phenyl-phenyl attractive interactions, also to favorable interactions of these molecules with the CNT walls, which cause selleck them to form highly ordered, very stable structures inside the nanotube, especially under strong confinement. The interaction, in particular, of the methyl group (present in tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid) with the CNT walls seems to play a key role in all these compounds causing them to remain practically immobile inside nanotubes characterized by diameters smaller than about 26 angstrom. It is only for larger-diameter CNTs that tyrosol, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid were observed to demonstrate appreciable mobility. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.”
“Process control of protein therapeutic manufacturing is central to ensuring the product is both safe and efficacious for patients. In this work, we investigate the cause of pink color variability in development lots of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and Fc-fusion proteins.

001) at month 6 by the HI assay, but dropped to an insignificant level (p=0.24) by the mNT assay. The mNT-GMT was at Apoptosis Compound Library manufacturer least twice as high as corresponding HI antibodies over a 6 month

period. The GMT of HI and mNT in those with pneumonia (1 mo) peaked earlier than that of those without pneumonia (2 mo). When adjusted by age and gender, those with pneumonia had a higher HI-GMT than those without pneumonia at 1 month (264 vs. 117, p=0.007), 2 months (212 vs. 159, p=0.013), and 6 months (160 vs. 82, p=0.018). Conclusions: The patients recovered from influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-associated pneumonia, clearly developed an earlier and more robust antibody response until 6 months after onset of illness. The results in our study are useful to determine an appropriate donor and timing to obtain convalescent plasma for adjunctive treatment of seriously ill patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza.”
“Eotaxins are the chemokines which are highly selective chemotactic agents for eosinophils. The aim of our study was the evaluation of the gene expression level for eotaxin 1/CCL11, eotaxin 2/CCL24, and eotaxin 3/CCL26, both in skin changes

and in uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The study comprised 19 patients with AD and 10 healthy controls. The gene expression level for eotaxins in the skin biopsies was evaluated by the real-time quantitative PCR. The change of the gene expression level, calculated as log10 skin lesions/non-lesional skin, was 0.635 for CCL11, 0.172 for CCL24 and GDC-973 0.291 for CCL26. The change of the gene expression level, calculated as log10 non-lesional skin of AD patients/healthy control, was 0.394 for CCL11, -0.216 for CCL24, and 0.229 for CCL26, while skin

lesions of AD patients/healthy control, was: 0.788, -0.046, and 0.483, respectively. Conclusion: The mean gene expression level for CCL11, CCL24, CCL26 was higher in skin changes of AD patients than in uninvolved skin. The higher level of CCL26 in skin changes, indicates its role in their aetiology in AD. The gene expression level for CCL24 in AD patients was lower, both in involved and uninvolved skin vs. the healthy control. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All check details rights reserved.”
“Background The therapeutic potential of using stem cells is tremendous. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have now been isolated in various tissues including bone marrow (BM), muscle, skin and adipose tissue. Among them, adipose tissue could be one of the most suitable cell sources for cell therapy, because of its easy accessibility, minimal morbidity and abundance of stem cells. The large numbers of stem cells in adipose tissue means that clinically relevant stem cell numbers could be extracted from the tissue, potentially eliminating the need for in vitro expansion. To utilize these characteristics of adipose tissue fully, Cytori Therapeutics Inc.